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ANA300 > NEURAL > Flashcards

NEURAL Flashcards

1
Q

3 functions of the NS

A

sense
integrate
respond

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2
Q

2 types of peripheral nerves

A

cranial

spinal

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3
Q

what are ganglia

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies

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4
Q

sensory neurons

A

peripheral -> CNS

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5
Q

motor neurons

A

CNS -> peripheral effectors

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6
Q

T or F: motor neurons can be voluntary or involuntary

A

T; based on tissue they innervate

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7
Q

T or F: a neuron is only either sensory or motor; NEVER both

A

T

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8
Q

target of somatic NS

A

skeletal muscle

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9
Q

T or F: somatic NS can be subconscious

A

T; as long as its skeletal muscle, reflex are included

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10
Q

targets of visceral/autonomic NS

A

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands

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11
Q

T or F: subdivisions of autonomic NS are functionally and anatomically distinct

A

T

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12
Q

2 divisions of autonomic NS

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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13
Q

what defines the arm of NS being used

A

target

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14
Q

2 means of communication by neurons

A

electrical, chemical

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15
Q

T or F: neuroglia participate directly in communication

A

F: only for structural support

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16
Q

how do microglia support neurons

A 
chemical support (metabolic exchange, maintain CSF)
immunological defense 
myelin sheath (insulation)
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17
Q

where do graded electrical signals occur in neurons

A

at dendrite

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18
Q

what does graded signal mean

A

proportional to strength of stimulus

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19
Q

T or F: dendrites are wide reaching

A

F; function locally

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20
Q

where does integration occur in nerve

A

axon (integration of signals)

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21
Q

where on neuron are AP generated

A

initial segment

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22
Q

how many axons per cell

A

1 (unidirectional flow)

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23
Q

end of neuron

A

synaptic terminal

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24
Q

what always has fixed amplitude T or F: neurons are polarized

A

T (input end, output end)

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25
Q

what always has fixed amplitude

A

AP

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26
Q

what is special about initial segment

A

high concentration of voltage-gated Na channels

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27
Q

multipolar neurons

A 
motor neurons (somatic and visceral)
interneurons
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28
Q

structure of interneurons

A

multipolar

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29
Q

where is initial segment in multipolar neurons

A

beside cell body

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30
Q

bipolar neurons

A

special senses

retina, cochlea, vestibular apparatus

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31
Q

pseudo unipolar neurons

A

sensory neurons

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32
Q

where is cell body located for pseudo unipolar neurons

A

ganglion

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33
Q

where are dendrites for pseudunipolar neurons

A

periphery

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34
Q

where is initial segment in pseudounipolar neuron

A

beginning of axon (not adjacent to hanging cell body)

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35
Q

glia of CNS

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependyma

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36
Q

glia of PNS

A

schwann cells

satellite cells

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37
Q

cell bodies: grey or white matter?

A

grey

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38
Q

composition of white matter

A

myelinated axons

39
Q

intermediate filament in astrocytes

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

40
Q

what does GFAP detect

A

astrocytes in CNS

41
Q

what kind of tumour could GFAP detect

A

fibrous astrocytomas (80% of adult brain tumours)

42
Q

which glia acts like reticular fibres in CNS

A

astrocytes

43
Q

which cell induces TJ in BBB

A

astrocytes

44
Q

3 functions of astrocytes

A

foot processes -> BVs, nerves => tight junctions
structural support
chemical homeostasis ; buffer K

45
Q

which glia forms myelin in CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

46
Q

T or F: one o-cyte only contributes to 1 axon

A

F; can contribute to many

47
Q

T or F: one CNS neuron can be myelinated by many o-cytes

A

T

48
Q

function of o-cyte

A

increase rate of conduction

49
Q

which glia are phagocytic cells of CNS

A

microglia

50
Q

what lineage are microglia from

A

monocyte/macrophage

51
Q

what activates microglia

A

infection, damage

52
Q

where are ependymal cells

A

lining ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cord)

53
Q

classify epithelium of ependymal cells

A

ciliated cuboidal

54
Q

role of cilia on ependymal cells

A

propels CSF

55
Q

what structure secretes CSF

A

choroid plexus

56
Q

what forms the blood-CSF barrier

A

ependymal cells that cover BV in choroid plexus

57
Q

what junction in CSF-blood barrier

A

tight junctions between ependymal cells

58
Q

T or F: CSF fills ventricles and space around CNS

A

T

59
Q

2 compartments separated by BBB

A

blood and interstitial fluid

60
Q

what fluid bathes parenchyma of brain

A

interstitial fluid

61
Q

T or F: interstitial fluid and CSF are continous

A

true; across wall of ventricle; separated by ependymal cells

62
Q

capillaries in choroid plexus

A

fenestrated

63
Q

where are TJ: lining ventricle wall or in choroid plexus?

A

choroid plexus ependymal cells

64
Q

function of satellite cells

A

electrically and chemically insulate neural cell body

65
Q

sensory ganglion

A

dorsal root ganglion

66
Q

composition of myelin in PNS

A

many concentric layers of schwann cell membrane

67
Q

how many axons does schwann cell cover

A

SINGLE axon (if myelinated)

68
Q

how many schwann cells per axon

A

multiple

69
Q

in myelin, where is schwann cell nucleus

A

squeezed to periphery (think of skeletal fibres)

70
Q

where are nodes of ranvier

A

BOTH CNS and PNS

71
Q

when does schwann cell envelope many axons

A

when axon = “unmyelinated”

72
Q

T or F: unmyelinated axons are associated with schwann cells

A

T; axon in superficial groove of schwan cells

73
Q

T or F; unmyelinated axons still need multiple schwann cells

A

T

74
Q

grey matter in brain

A

cortical

cerebral nuclei

75
Q

where does synaptic transmission occur

A

grey matter

76
Q

grey matter in spinal cord

A

central butterfly

77
Q

white matter in brain

A

tracts, columns, pathways

78
Q

pathways in white matter are usually ___

A

crossed (crosses midline)

79
Q

T or F: tracts within white matter are functionally segregated

A

T; sensory vs motor

80
Q

what is nissl substance

A

RER

81
Q

what is neuropil

A

substance in neural tissue other than neuronal cell bodies (glia, axons, dendrites)

82
Q

T or F: glia cell nuclei are in white matter

A

T

83
Q

how does myelin sheath appear on slide

A

empty; lipid extracted during processing

84
Q

type of neuron in sensory ganglia

A

pseudo unipolar; both somatic and visceral

85
Q

type of neuron in autonomic ganglia

A

multipolar (motor)

86
Q

T or F: sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia are anatomically separate

A

T

87
Q

what type of neurons in dorsal root ganglion

A

sensory; so pseudo unipolar

88
Q

what type of neuron has a large round cell body, central nucleus, prominent nucleolus

A

pseudo unipolar

89
Q

type of neuron with irregular cell bodies, eccentric nuclei

A

multipolar

90
Q

which neuron has more satellite cells: pseudo unipolar or motor

A

pseudo unipolar (motor/autonomic = few)

91
Q

T or F: in PNS, no functional segregation

A

true; nerves (white matter of PNS = mixed sensory and motor)

92
Q

what happens if cut off blood supply to nerves

A

parathesia

93
Q

enclosed in endometrium

A

axon and its schwann cells

94
Q

axon: basophilic or eosinophilic?

A

eosinophilic

ANA300 (9 decks)

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