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ANA300 > CONNECTIVE TISSUE > Flashcards

CONNECTIVE TISSUE Flashcards

1
Q

Two general components of matrix

A

Protein fibres, ground substance

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2
Q

T or F: connective tissue is very cellular

A

False; epithelia is very cellular

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3
Q

Ct cells produce

A

matrix : protein fibres, ground substance

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4
Q

characteristics of ___ determine properties of CT

A

matrix

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5
Q

what force can collagen withstand

A

tensile

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6
Q

what does 1 collagen trimer consist of

A

2 alpha 1 chains, 1 alpha 2 chain

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7
Q

name the 5 forms that collagen exists in during synthesis

A

preprocollagen, pro collagen, collagen, fibrils, fibres

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8
Q

what form of collagen is synthesized by RER

A

preprocollagen

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9
Q

what is the name of the triple helix of collagen

A

procollagen

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10
Q

function of registration peptides

A

maintain solubility of procollagen

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11
Q

which form of collagen has registration peptides

A

pro collagen (like bodyguards on a “pro”)

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12
Q

what happens to collagen in golgi

A

post-translational modification; soluble pro collagen packaged in vesicles -> cell surface -> exocytosis

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13
Q

where are pro collagen peptidases located

A

membrane-bound

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14
Q

how does pro collagen change when registration peptides cleaved

A

becomes insoluble collagen

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15
Q

what is collagen called when it aggregated extracellularly

A

fibrils

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16
Q

how are collagen fibrils attached

A

covalent cross-links

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17
Q

which type of collagen is most common and where is it found

A

collagen type I; tendons, ligaments, bone

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18
Q

which type of collagen does not form fibres, but remains as fibrils

A

collagen type 2

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19
Q

which collagen type = reticular fibres

A

type 3

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20
Q

which type of collagen does not get its registration peptides cleaved and what is the consequence

A

type 4; non-fibrillar; makes mesh-like sheet for basement membrane

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21
Q

which type of collagen anchors BM to underlying CT

A

type 7; anchoring fibrils

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22
Q

what is the function of reticular fibres

A

stroma (scaffolding) fr highly cellular organs

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23
Q

how many times their resting length can elastic fibres stretch to

A

1.5x

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24
Q

describe the composition of an elastic fibre

A

elastin fibres surrounded by fibrillar fibres

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25
Q

how are elastic fibres connected

A

crosslinks

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26
Q

where might elastin be found in sheets, not fibres

A

aorta; arteries around heart

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27
Q

function of elastic fibres

A

resiliency; stretch and recoil

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28
Q

3 functions of ground substance

A

adhesion for cells, fibres; resists compression; medium for molecular diffusion between plasma and ICF

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29
Q

2 components of GS

A

tissue fluid + organic molecules

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30
Q

2 types of organic molecules in GS

A

proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins

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31
Q

name the 2 types of forces experienced by fluid in blood vessels

A

hydrostatic force (pushing out) and oncotic/osmotic force (pulling in)

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32
Q

what causes oncotic pressure

A

plasma proteins, mainly albumin (too big to exit BVs)

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33
Q

3 compartments of ECF

A

interstitial, intravascular, transcellular

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34
Q

how to determine movement of fluid across BV wall

A

vector sum of 2 pressures; hydrostatic and oncotic

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35
Q

what is another word for hydrostatic pressure

A

blood pressure

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36
Q

when BP > PO

A

fluid extravasated

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37
Q

when BP < PO

A

fluid moves into BV

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38
Q

which vessel has lowest hydrostatic P

A

lymphatic

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39
Q

is BP higher on arterial or venous side?

A

arterial; fluid leaves

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40
Q

venous side: BP __ OP

A

BP < OP; fluid into vessel

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41
Q

what is detected in lymph nodes

A

antigen, cancerous cells

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42
Q

function of lymph node

A

in line filter for lymph; limit spread of disease, infection

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43
Q

diameter of lymph node

A

2-10 mm

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44
Q

_fferent lymph is filtered

A

Afferent

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45
Q

where are lymph nodes numerous

A

axillae, groin, neck, mesenteries, mediastinum (thorax)

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46
Q

T or F: all lymph passes through 4 lymph nodes before venous

A

F; at least 1

47
Q

why do lymph nodes become enlarged with infection

A

B cells proliferate

48
Q

what 2 veins does lymph drain into

A

internal jugular vein; subclavian vein

49
Q

what is the name of the vein where internal jugular and subclavian unite

A

brachiocephalic vein

50
Q

what is edema

A

excess tissue fluid

51
Q

2 general causes of edema

A

increased production of tissue fluid
(more vascular permeability, less oncotic pressure)
or
decreased clearance (raised venous pressure (pregnancy), lymphatic obstruction (raises lymphatic pressure))

52
Q

T or F: GAGs are flexible

A

F; inflexible like bristles of steel brush

53
Q

GAGs are composed of repeating _______ units

A

disaccharide (unbranched)

54
Q

why do GAGs make GS slippery & viscous

A

high negative charge => very hydrophilic

55
Q

2 components of proteoglycan structure

A

GAGs + core protein

56
Q

which molecule type makes GS slippery

A

proteoglycans

57
Q

why can GS resist compression

A

proteoglycans; their GAGs hold water

58
Q

what slows diffusion of molecules through interstitial fluid

A

proteoglycans (filter)

59
Q

describe the composition of adhesive glycoproteins

A

proteins with carbohydrates bound

60
Q

binding sites for what on adhesive glycoproteins

A

protein fibres, GAGs, integrins (cell membrane)

61
Q

fibronectin, osteonectin, achondronectin, and laminin are all types of ____

A

adhesive glycoproteins

62
Q

what stabilizes the ECM by linking its components to the cell surface

A

adhesive glycoproteins

63
Q

T or F: basement membrane is acellular

A

T

64
Q

what other types of cells does BM surround

A

smooth muscle, adipose, schwann

65
Q

what types of collagen in BM

A

4 (mesh, non-fibrillar) and 7 (anchoring)

66
Q

proteoglycan of basement membrane

A

heparan sulfate

67
Q

adhesive glycoprotein of basement membrane

A

laminin

68
Q

which tissue produces the BM components

A

both epithelia and CT

69
Q

4 functions of BM

A

cell anchorage/support, filtration, scaffold for epithelial repair, binding smooth muscle cells together

70
Q

embryonic origin of all CT cells

A

mesenchyme

71
Q

what epithelial cells also derived from mesenchyme

A

endothelial, mesothelial

72
Q

what components of CT do fibroblasts secrete

A

proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins, collagen, elastic fibres

73
Q

embryonic origin of blood cells

A

mesenchyme

74
Q

nucleus of active fibroblast is __

A

pale (like exhausted)

75
Q

what cells have signet ring (thin cytoplasm, flat nucleus)

A

adipose; lipid droplet pushes everything to side

76
Q

adipose tissue

A

tissue dominated by adipocytes

77
Q

what cells have juxtanuclear halo and why

A

plasma cells; Golgi => pale

78
Q

5 types of fixed cells

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, mast cells, mesenchymal stem cells

79
Q

wandering cells

A

monocytes, lymphocytes, microphages (neutrophils, eosinophils)

80
Q

2 cell types called “microphages”

A

neutrophils, eosinophils

81
Q

what cell are platelets derived from

A

megakaryocyte

82
Q

fxn of mast cells

A

storage chemical mediators of inflammation, hypersensitivity reactions

83
Q

how are mast cells activated and what is the result

A

trauma, antigen ; release of granules

84
Q

how are mast cells sensitized

A

antibodies against antigen bind receptors on mast cells’ surface; degranulation if antigen binds the antibody

85
Q

what kind of receptors on mast cell membrane

A

Fc

86
Q

what 3 factors are released by mast cells

A

histamine (vasodilation, increased vascular permeability); neutrophil chemotactic factor, eosinophil chemotactic factor

87
Q 
macrophages:
 \_\_\_\_ ; liver
\_\_\_\_; CNS 
\_\_\_\_\_; skin 
\_\_\_\_\_; bone
A

Kupffer; microglial; Langerhans; osteoclasts

88
Q

what makes macrophages get larger

A

phagocytosis

89
Q

which cells can leave the blood to function in CT

A

WBCs/leukocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil)

90
Q

2 types of specialized CT proper

A

reticular; adipose

91
Q

2 types of supporting CT

A

cartilage; bone

92
Q

what CT in mesentery

A

loose areolar CT

93
Q

least specialized CT

A

loose areolar CT (many different components)

94
Q

main collagen of dense R CT

A

collagen I

95
Q

how many directions of tensile strength in dense R CT

A

1

96
Q

what CT makes up aponeuroses

A

dense R CT; sheet (not cord) that attaches muscle

97
Q

relative amount of GS, cells, cell types in dense regular CT

A

few

98
Q

type of collagen in dense irregular CT

A

collagen type 1

99
Q

how many directions of tensile force can dense irregular collagen withstand

A

many

100
Q

example of dense irregular Ct

A

dermis ; reticular layer

101
Q

relative amount of Gs, cells, cell types in dense irregular CT

A

few

102
Q

what tissue type in perichondrium

A

dense irregular CT

103
Q

T or F: elastic fibres are in both loose areolar CT and dense CT

A

T

104
Q

without fibrillin, what does elastin form?

A

fenestrated sheets; lamellae

105
Q

what cells produce elastin in the aorta

A

smooth muscle cells

106
Q

what is the term for the elastin in the aorta and other blood vessels

A

lamellae

107
Q

example of dense CT with elastin

A

ligamenta flava; elastic ligaments (vertebral column)

108
Q

T or F: smooth muscle and bone marrow have reticular fibres

A

T

109
Q

what forms stroma in adipose tissue

A

reticular fibres (type 3 collagen)

110
Q

what tissue acts as the “styrofoam packing chips of the body”

A

adipose

111
Q

what is stored in a single lipid droplet in adipose

A

triglycerides

112
Q

3 functions of adipose

A

energy, thermal insulator, shock absorber

113
Q

name 2 organs that are surrounded by adipose

A

eyes, kidney

114
Q

T or F: adipose is not highly vascular

A

f; adipose is highly vascular

ANA300 (9 decks)

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