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Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary tissue in skin?

A

Epithelium, connective, muscle and nerve

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2
Q

What are epidermal cells called and what is their function?

A

Keratinocytes - makes keratin

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3
Q

Characteristic of skin

A
  • Largest organ
  • Own nerves and blood supply
  • Own pathological conditions; sunburn, acne, eczema, psoriasis
  • Evidence of underlying conditions; liver disease, systemic sclerosis etc
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4
Q

Function of the epidermis

A

Prevents water loss by evaporation

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5
Q

Function of the dermis

A
  • Reduces risk of external injury
  • Maintains the epidermis by its blood flow
  • Permits body cooling
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6
Q

Function of the skin

A
  • Immune surveillance
  • UV protection
  • Energy store
  • Sensory information
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7
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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8
Q

What tissue type is the epidermis and what is its function?

A

Epithelium - forms boundary between internal and external compartments

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9
Q

What tissue type is the dermis and what is its function?

A

Connective - gives structural strength

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10
Q

What tissue lies beneath the dermis?

A

Hypodermis - superficial facia (not part of skin)

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11
Q

What tissue type is the hypodermic and what is its function?

A

Adipose connective - subcutaneous tissue that anchors skin to underlying structures

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12
Q

What epithelialium is found in the epidermis?

A

Epithelial - stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

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13
Q

What is the origin of the epidermis?

A

Ectodermal - outer layer of embryo forms it

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14
Q

What four basic cell types are found in the epidermis?

A
  • Kerantinocyte
  • Melanocytes - pigment formation
  • Langerhans cells - immune surveillance
  • Merkel cells - touch receptors
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15
Q

Describe keratinocytes

A

Contain keratin and are resistant to abrasion and are waterproof

Constantly dividing and regeneration which protects from trauma and other damage

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16
Q

What are the 5 epidermal layers (top to bottom)?

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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17
Q

How are the 5 layer of the epidermis formed?

A

By maturing keratinocytes

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18
Q

Describe the stratum basale (germinativum)?

A
  • Tall columnar cells interspersed with melanocytes and Merkel cells
  • Bound to BM by hemidesmosomes
  • Irregular interface with dermis at dermal papillae
  • Continuous cell proliferation - they are stem cell so are undifferentiated
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19
Q

Function of hemidesmosomes?

A

Bind stratum basale to basement membrane

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20
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A
  • Cell shrink bu desmosome junctions create spines

- Preparative layer for keratinisation

21
Q

Describe stratum granulosum

A

Granules of keratohyalin (precursors of keratin) define layers

22
Q

Describe (Stratum lucidum) Stratum cornuem

A
  • Two layers hard to distinguish
  • Conversion of keratohylalin to keratin
  • Disulphide linkages give strength
  • Desmosome bind cells
  • 15-30 day turnover
23
Q

What is keratinisation?

A

Keratin is deposited in cells and these become Horney as in dead skin, nails, hair

24
Q

What can an over production in keratin lead to?

25
Steps in keratinisation from stratum basale to stratum lucidium/corneum
1. S. basale - stem cell division 2. Incorporation of keratin 3. Cell flattening 4. Loss of nuclei and protoplasm 5. S. corneum - dead cells sloughed off
26
Areas of thin skin?
Abdomine
27
Areas of thick skin?
Palms of hands and soles of feet
28
Two layers in the dermis?
Papillary layer and the reticular layer
29
What type of tissue is in the papillary layer?
Loose connective tissue
30
Describe the papillary layer
- Loose connective tissue - Irregular interface with epidermis - papillae - Cellular - macrophage present - Protective against pathogen - Contains BV for thermoregulation and nutrition - Contains nerve ending for sense
31
What type of tissue is found in the reticular layer?
Dense irregular connective tissue
32
Describe the reticular layer
- Dense irregular CT | - Elastic fibres - loss of elasticit in old ages
33
What allows the skin to be waterproof?
Keratin in cells - intercellular spaces filled with lipid cement and keratin originates as lamellate granules in s. granulosum
34
What influences skin colour?
Blood, carotene and melanin
35
Describe the function of hair
derived from epithelial layer , hair is thermoregulatory in most animals but not human and has a practical use in skin repair
36
Describe the origin of hair follicles
1. A down growth of epithelial cells in utero 2. An invasion of a knot of BV 3. Growth of hair 4. Continuity with layers of epidermis
37
What are the parts of a hair follicle?
- Hair and sheath - Arrector pili muscle - Sebaceous glands
38
Action of arrector pili muscles
- Attach to follicle root and base of epidermis - Follicle at angle - Hair straightens when muscle contracts
39
Action of sebaceous glands
- Between follicle and arrestor pili muscle | - Secretes sebum
40
Parts of nails (from skin to edge)
- Nail root - Cuticle - Lunula - Nail body - Free edge
41
What makes the nail plate hard?
Keratin (similar to s. corneum)
42
What type of tissue is found in the nail bed?
Specialised skin epithelium and contains same 4 types of tissue as skin
43
Another name of cuticle?
Eponychium
44
Another name for nail bed?
Hyponychium
45
Type of skin glands and function
- Sebaceous - secret sebum through hair follicle - Apocrine sweat glands - in the axilla (armpit) and protein rich secretion - Eccrine - sweat
46
Describe eccrine sweat glands
- Simple tubular glands found the dermis - Coiled and straight duct in dermis and a spiral channel in the epidermis - Thermoregulatory and watery secretion - Can secrete into a hair follicle or sweat pore
47
What structures in the skin are thermoregulatory?
- Sweat glands - BV dilation - absorption and radiotion - Hair - can insulate in animals but not human
48
What structures present in the skin are sensory nerve ending/
- Meissner's corpuscle - fingertips - Paccinian Corpuscles - vibration & pressure - Pain receptors - Thermoreceptors
49
Stages in skin repair
1. Blood clot 2. Blood congeals 3. Granulation tissue fills gap 4. Scar tissue replace follicle

SfM (12 decks)

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