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SfM > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four primary tissue in skin?

A

Epithelium, connective, muscle and nerve

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2
Q

What are epidermal cells called and what is their function?

A

Keratinocytes - makes keratin

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3
Q

Characteristic of skin

A
  • Largest organ
  • Own nerves and blood supply
  • Own pathological conditions; sunburn, acne, eczema, psoriasis
  • Evidence of underlying conditions; liver disease, systemic sclerosis etc
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4
Q

Function of the epidermis

A

Prevents water loss by evaporation

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5
Q

Function of the dermis

A
  • Reduces risk of external injury
  • Maintains the epidermis by its blood flow
  • Permits body cooling
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6
Q

Function of the skin

A
  • Immune surveillance
  • UV protection
  • Energy store
  • Sensory information
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7
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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8
Q

What tissue type is the epidermis and what is its function?

A

Epithelium - forms boundary between internal and external compartments

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9
Q

What tissue type is the dermis and what is its function?

A

Connective - gives structural strength

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10
Q

What tissue lies beneath the dermis?

A

Hypodermis - superficial facia (not part of skin)

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11
Q

What tissue type is the hypodermic and what is its function?

A

Adipose connective - subcutaneous tissue that anchors skin to underlying structures

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12
Q

What epithelialium is found in the epidermis?

A

Epithelial - stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

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13
Q

What is the origin of the epidermis?

A

Ectodermal - outer layer of embryo forms it

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14
Q

What four basic cell types are found in the epidermis?

A
  • Kerantinocyte
  • Melanocytes - pigment formation
  • Langerhans cells - immune surveillance
  • Merkel cells - touch receptors
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15
Q

Describe keratinocytes

A

Contain keratin and are resistant to abrasion and are waterproof

Constantly dividing and regeneration which protects from trauma and other damage

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16
Q

What are the 5 epidermal layers (top to bottom)?

A
  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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17
Q

How are the 5 layer of the epidermis formed?

A

By maturing keratinocytes

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18
Q

Describe the stratum basale (germinativum)?

A
  • Tall columnar cells interspersed with melanocytes and Merkel cells
  • Bound to BM by hemidesmosomes
  • Irregular interface with dermis at dermal papillae
  • Continuous cell proliferation - they are stem cell so are undifferentiated
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19
Q

Function of hemidesmosomes?

A

Bind stratum basale to basement membrane

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20
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A
  • Cell shrink bu desmosome junctions create spines

- Preparative layer for keratinisation

21
Q

Describe stratum granulosum

A

Granules of keratohyalin (precursors of keratin) define layers

22
Q

Describe (Stratum lucidum) Stratum cornuem

A
  • Two layers hard to distinguish
  • Conversion of keratohylalin to keratin
  • Disulphide linkages give strength
  • Desmosome bind cells
  • 15-30 day turnover
23
Q

What is keratinisation?

A

Keratin is deposited in cells and these become Horney as in dead skin, nails, hair

24
Q

What can an over production in keratin lead to?

A

Psoriasis

25
Q

Steps in keratinisation from stratum basale to stratum lucidium/corneum

A
  1. S. basale - stem cell division
  2. Incorporation of keratin
  3. Cell flattening
  4. Loss of nuclei and protoplasm
  5. S. corneum - dead cells sloughed off
26
Q

Areas of thin skin?

A

Abdomine

27
Q

Areas of thick skin?

A

Palms of hands and soles of feet

28
Q

Two layers in the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and the reticular layer

29
Q

What type of tissue is in the papillary layer?

A

Loose connective tissue

30
Q

Describe the papillary layer

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Irregular interface with epidermis - papillae
  • Cellular - macrophage present
  • Protective against pathogen
  • Contains BV for thermoregulation and nutrition
  • Contains nerve ending for sense
31
Q

What type of tissue is found in the reticular layer?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

32
Q

Describe the reticular layer

A
  • Dense irregular CT

- Elastic fibres - loss of elasticit in old ages

33
Q

What allows the skin to be waterproof?

A

Keratin in cells - intercellular spaces filled with lipid cement and keratin originates as lamellate granules in s. granulosum

34
Q

What influences skin colour?

A

Blood, carotene and melanin

35
Q

Describe the function of hair

A

derived from epithelial layer , hair is thermoregulatory in most animals but not human and has a practical use in skin repair

36
Q

Describe the origin of hair follicles

A
  1. A down growth of epithelial cells in utero
  2. An invasion of a knot of BV
  3. Growth of hair
  4. Continuity with layers of epidermis
37
Q

What are the parts of a hair follicle?

A
  • Hair and sheath
  • Arrector pili muscle
  • Sebaceous glands
38
Q

Action of arrector pili muscles

A
  • Attach to follicle root and base of epidermis
  • Follicle at angle
  • Hair straightens when muscle contracts
39
Q

Action of sebaceous glands

A
  • Between follicle and arrestor pili muscle

- Secretes sebum

40
Q

Parts of nails (from skin to edge)

A
  • Nail root
  • Cuticle
  • Lunula
  • Nail body
  • Free edge
41
Q

What makes the nail plate hard?

A

Keratin (similar to s. corneum)

42
Q

What type of tissue is found in the nail bed?

A

Specialised skin epithelium and contains same 4 types of tissue as skin

43
Q

Another name of cuticle?

A

Eponychium

44
Q

Another name for nail bed?

A

Hyponychium

45
Q

Type of skin glands and function

A
  • Sebaceous - secret sebum through hair follicle
  • Apocrine sweat glands - in the axilla (armpit) and protein rich secretion
  • Eccrine - sweat
46
Q

Describe eccrine sweat glands

A
  • Simple tubular glands found the dermis
  • Coiled and straight duct in dermis and a spiral channel in the epidermis
  • Thermoregulatory and watery secretion
  • Can secrete into a hair follicle or sweat pore
47
Q

What structures in the skin are thermoregulatory?

A
  • Sweat glands
  • BV dilation - absorption and radiotion
  • Hair - can insulate in animals but not human
48
Q

What structures present in the skin are sensory nerve ending/

A
  • Meissner’s corpuscle - fingertips
  • Paccinian Corpuscles - vibration & pressure
  • Pain receptors
  • Thermoreceptors
49
Q

Stages in skin repair

A
  1. Blood clot
  2. Blood congeals
  3. Granulation tissue fills gap
  4. Scar tissue replace follicle

SfM (12 decks)

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