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SfM > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

In the average 70kg man, how many litre of blood will he have and how will it be distributed?

A

5L of blood

  • 1L lungs
  • 3L veins
  • 1L in arteries
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2
Q

What is the function of blood?

A
  • Carries physiological active compounds
  • Clotting
  • Defence (WBC)
  • Carriage of gas
  • Thermoregulation
  • Maintenance of ECF pH
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3
Q

What type of blood cells are there?

A

Plasma, RBC, WBC and platelets

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4
Q

Describe plasma

A

95% in water and it carries biologically active molecules and compounds and levels are kept in strict limits

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5
Q

What are the types of plasma proteins and how do they act?

A
  • Albumin
  • Globulin - alpha, beta, gamma
  • Fibrinogen (clotting factor)

Plasma proteins are not taken up by cells, they perform their functions in the circulation.

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6
Q

What is the colloid oncotic pressure?

A

Plasma proteins do not readily cross the capillary wall and generate the pressure as it pulls in fluid from the interstitial space - concentration is unchanged, but volume of plasma and ISF alters

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7
Q

What are the two forces that influence the fluid movement between ISF and capillary?

A
  • Capillary Hydrostatic pressure (CHP) pushes fluid OUT

- Plasma protein conc. (high) pulls fluid in (type of osmosis)

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8
Q

What is hypoproteinaemia and what can it cause?

A

Abnormally low levels or circulating plasma protein

Oedema - loss of colloid oncotic pressure so fluid builds up in the ISF

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9
Q

What are causes of hypoproteinaemia?

A

-Prolonged starvation
-Liver disease
-Intestinal diseases
(prevents plasma protein production)

-Nephrosis (kidney disease) - plasma proteins lost in urine

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10
Q

What are myeloid cells?

A

All cells in circulation that are not lymphocytic (i.e. non-T/B cells)

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11
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Differentiation of stem cells to blood cells in the bone marrow

Undifferentiated cells form uncommitted stem cells

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12
Q

Describe erythrocytes (RBC)

A

Most abundant blood cell (4-6x10^12/L) with a 120 day life span.

They’re highly flexible, biconcave, non-nucleated and are densely packed with Haemoglobin for gas transport

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13
Q

Describe the colour change between venues and arteries

A
  • Oxyhaemoglobin (arteries) - bright red

- Deoxyhaemoglobin (venous)

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14
Q

What is erythropoesis?

A

Red blood cell formation which is controlled and accelerated by erythropoietin (stimulated secretion during hypoxia)

Pluripotent stem cells –> erythroblasts (immature RBC)

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15
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

When a region of the body is derived of adequate blood supply

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16
Q

Describe leukocytes (WBC)

A

Nucleated cells - 1x10^10/L - and are involved in defence against pathogens

Comprised of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes)

17
Q

Abundance of WBCs

A

Neutrophils are the most abundant (68%) and basophils and the least abundant (<1%)

18
Q

Mechanisms of monocytes

A

After 72hrs they migrate to connective tissue where they mature in macrophages

19
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

WBC formation and is controlled by cytokines (proteins/peptides released from one cell type which act on another)

  • Colony stimulating factors
  • Interleukins (signalling between WBC)
20
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Send signals out to other cells, such as macrophages and other lymphocytes, telling them to come over and help.

21
Q

What occurs during leukopoiesis?

A
  1. Cytokines released from endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and mature WBC
  2. Stimulate both mitosis and maturation of leukocyte

Cytokines are dynamic, changing composition in response to infection to influence which WBC will be more effective

  • Bacterial: increase neutrophils
    - Viral: increase lymphocytes

(Differential white cell count allows differentiation between infection types)

22
Q

Describe platelets and their function

A

They’re membrane bound cell fragments which are governed by Thrombopoietin (hormone) - formed though haematopoeises

Adhere to damaged vessel walls and exposed connective tissue to mediate blood clotting - DO NOT adhere to healthy endothelium

23
Q

What is viscosity?

A

How thick or sticky blood is compared to water

  • Plasma x1.8 thicker than water (due to plasma protein)
  • Whole blood x3.4 thicker than water due to formed cells
24
Q

What does viscosity depend on?

A
  • Haematocrit - 50% increase increase viscosity ~100%
  • Temp - increase in temp decreases viscosity n vice versa
  • Flow rate - decreased flow rate increases viscosity n vice versa
25
Q

Define haematocrit

A

Ratio of volume of RBC to the volume of total blood

SfM (12 decks)

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