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Small Animal Parasitology > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two most significant fleas affecting companion animals?

A

Ctenocephalides felis and canis

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2
Q

How many ctenidiado species of Ctenocephalides have?

A

2 -> one genal and one pronotal

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3
Q

How would you differentiate Ctenocephalides felis from Ctenocephalides canis?

A

The female head of C. canis is not twice as long as it is high and is rounded anteriorly as opposed to pointed

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4
Q

What do adult fleas and larvae feed on?

A

Adults: blood
Larvae: adults faeces

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5
Q

Which stages of the flea are on the host and which are in the environment?

A

Adults on the host; eggs laid on the host but will fall off

Eggs, larvae, pupae and pre-emerged adults in the environment

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6
Q

What percentage of the flea population lives and feeds on the animals?

A

About 5%

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7
Q

Irritation from flea bits is usually from what?

A

Physical presence of fleas, flea movement, action of sucking blood, injection of saliva

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8
Q

What is FAD and what is it a reaction to?

A

Flea allergy dermatitis

Salivary antigens

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9
Q

What are three things that the pathogenesis of FAD depends on? (Note: there are more than three)

A 
Genetic predisposition 
Number of fleas and amount of antigen
Frequency of exposure
Age at first exposure
Other skin disease
Effects of previous or current treatment
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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of FAD?

A

Dermatitis in the dorsal lumbosacral area (or generalised in severe cases) in dogs of any age

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11
Q

What is feline miliary dermatitis?

A

FAD in cats

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12
Q

Common lesions associated with FMD?

A

A pruritic, erythematous papule usually on the head, neck and dorsal lumbosacral regions (before self-trauma)

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13
Q

How would you diagnose FAD infections?

A

Clinical signs and history
Response to treatment
Visualisation of fleas or flea faeces on host
Allergy testing (intradermal and ELISA)

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14
Q

Outline the components of an Integrated Flea Control program.

A

Use an effective residual adulticide
Use an insect growth regulator (IGR)
Mechanical control methods
Education of the pet owner

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15
Q

What adulticides would you use for a FAD case?

A

Phenylpyrazoles (fipronil, pyripole); Neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, nitenpyram); Avermectins (selamectin); Semicarbazone (metaflumizone); Spinosyns (spinosads); Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids

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16
Q

What parasites is Fipronil (Frontline) active against?

A

Fleas, lice and ticks

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17
Q

What is the MOA of Fipronil?

A

Blocks passage of chloride ions through GABA and glutamate-gated chloride channels –> causes hyperexcitation and death

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18
Q

Frontline plus has the added ingredient of (S)-methoprene. What does this additive help achieve?

A

Kills all flea stages in the dogs surroundings (helps prevent reinfestations)

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19
Q

Pyriprole kills fleas and ticks. What is it an analogue of?

A

Fipronil

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20
Q

Advantage is an adulticide treatment that works against fleas and lice in dogs and cats. What is its active ingredient and how would you apply it?

A

Imidacloprid

Spot-on

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21
Q

Imidacloprid + pyriproxyfen =

A

Advantage II

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22
Q

Advantix is active against fleas and ticks but cannot be used on cats, Why?

A

Imidacloprid + permethrin

Permethrin is extremely toxic to cats

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23
Q

Advocate is for dogs and cats to control fleas, lice and a number of mites. It is also active against L3 and L4 of Dirofilaria immitis, how?

A

Imidacloprid + moxydectin

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24
Q

What is the ‘rapid flea removal adulticide’ and why is it considered rapid?

A

Nitenpyram (Capstar)
Begins to work within 15-30 mins of administration
Kills >95% of fleas within 3-6 hours

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25
Q

Selamectin (Revolution/Stronghold) is active against which life stages of the flea?

A

Eggs, larvae and adults

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26
Q

The action of which flea treatment remains persistent for approximately 1 month because of extensive plasma protein binding?

A

Spinosad (Comfortis)

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27
Q

Panoramis is a chewable tablet for dogs. What are it’s active ingredients?

A

Spinosad and milbemycin oxyme

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28
Q

Insect Growth Regulators are used for what?

A

To interfere with growth and development of immature stages of the insects –> eliminate environmental stages (prevent reinfestations)

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29
Q

Why are Insect Growth Regulators usually used in combination with an adulticide?

A

IGRs generally have no effect on adults and it reduces the likelihood that resistance will develop

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30
Q

Insect Growth Regulators include:

A

Juvenile hormone analogues (methoprene, fenoxycarb, pyriproxyfen)
Insect development inhibitors (lufenuron, cyromazine)

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31
Q

How do Juvenile Hormone Analogues work?

A

Mimic the activity of naturally occurring juvenile hormones (ovicidal and larvicidal)

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32
Q

How do Insect Development Inhibitors work?

A

Inhibit chitin synthesis –> females will produce non-viable eggs

33
Q

Which louse has a head wider than the thorax and of rectangular shape that infests dogs and cats?

A

Trichodectes canis

34
Q

How would you treat an infestation of lice on the dog?

A

Pyrethrin/pyrethroids, Fipronil, Selamectin, Imidacloprid

35
Q

Most common louse infecting cats?

A

Felicola subrostrata (head is triangular)

36
Q

Can dogs become infected with Sarcoptes scabiei directly or indirectly?

A

Both. But the correct temperature and humidity needs to be present for the mites to be able to live in the environment

37
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Sarcoptes scabiei.

A

Secretions, faeces and eggs will induce both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity = intense pruritis

38
Q

What is the distribution of lesions for Sarcoptes scabiei?

A

Ear margins, elbows, abdomen and hocks

39
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Sarcoptes scabiei infections?

A

Erythema, papules, pruritis, alopecia and crusts
Extensive excoriations and self-trauma due to pruritis
Emaciation and death may occur in extreme cases

40
Q

What are some differential diagnoses of Sarcoptic mange?

A 
Allergy (flea bites, food, contact)
Cheyletiellosis
Demodicosis
Pediculosis
Malassezia dermatitis
41
Q

How would you go about treating a case of sarcoptic mange?

A

Treat all in-contact dogs with Selamectin and Moxidectin

42
Q

What parasite causes Notoedric mange and who is its host?

A

Notoedres cati

Cats and rabbits

43
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with notoedric mange?

A

Alopecia, erythema, thick grey crusts, intense pruritis on the edge of the pinna
Excoriations and self-trauma may result in bacterial complications

44
Q

How would you treat a clinical case of Notoedric mange?

A

Treat all in-contact cats with Selamectin and Moxidectin

45
Q

What is the name of the ear mite?

A

Otodectes cynotis

46
Q

Are there any human health concerns regarding Otodectes cynotis infections?

A

Yes, after close contact with an infected animal, a transient papular dermatitis may develop

47
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Otodectes cynotis?

A

Brownish waxy exudate/cerumen (can dry to form crust)

Shaking of head, hematoma formation and self-trauma will most likely develop due to the intense pruritis

48
Q

How would you treat an infection with Otodectes cynotis?

A

Treat all affected and in-contact animals.

Topical acaricides may be sufficient or Selamectin and Moxidectin are available as systemic treatments

49
Q

Is Demodicosis contagious?

A

No

50
Q

What kind of animals are susceptible to Demodicosis?

A

Those with a hereditary T-cell defect or some sort of immunosuppression

51
Q

What is localised Demodicosis?

A

Less than six lesions or only one body region affected and most common places are the head and forelegs. Up to 90% of cases may resolve spontaneously while 10% will become generalised (irrespective of treatment).

52
Q

What is generalised Demodicosis and how would it present?

A

More than 6 lesions and involvement of 2 or more body regions or feet. Adult onset is usually as a result of immunocompetency or because of an underlying condition (endocrine). Alopecia, erythema and scaling will be seen and a secondary bacterial infection may also be present.

53
Q

How would you diagnose Demodicosis?`

A

Clinical signs
History
Microscopic examination of skin scrapings

54
Q

How would you go about treating a case of generalised Demodicosis?

A

Identify underlying condition and correct
Treat concurrent bacterial infection
Acaricidal therapy (Amitraz, Moxidectin, Milbemycin oxime)

55
Q

What mites are responsible for Feline Demodicosis?

A

Demodex cati and Demodex gatoi

56
Q

What is the pathological name for the condition called the “walking dandruff”?

A

Cheyletiellosis

57
Q

What are three morphological features of Cheyletiella?

A

Big palps that end with claws
Legs end with comb-like structures
Feather-like setae

58
Q

What is the most important ectoparasite of dogs and cats?

A

Fleas

59
Q

What clinical signs are usually associated with Cheyletiella infections?

A

Lesions mainly over dorsum
Excessive scaling
Pruritis
Alopecia, erythema, papules etc.

60
Q

What makes the parasite Neotrombicula autumnalis stand alone from the other mites of dogs and cats?

A

Only the larvae are parasitic and all other stages are in the environment.

61
Q

Do Neotrombicular autumnalis larvae feed on blood?

A

No, they feed on digested skin cells and lymph.

62
Q

What are the common clinical signs of Neotrombicula infections and where will they locate usually?

A

Pruritis, erythema, papules, scales, alopecia.

Skin that comes into contact with the ground (feet, head and ventral body).

63
Q

How would you treat a case of Neotrombicula autumnalis?

A

Fipronil for dogs and cats.

Permethrin and pyriproxyfen for dogs only.

64
Q

Which tick is the most common cause of tick toxicosis in Australia?

A

Ixodes holocyclus

65
Q

What position is the anal groove in Ixodes holocyclus?

A

I. holocyclus has an anterior anal groove

66
Q

What are some other distinguishing features of Ixodes holocyclus?

A

No eyes
No festoons
Mouthparts are longer than basis capituli

67
Q

How do Ixodes holocyclus and Ixodes cornuatus differ morphologically?

A

Females of I. cornuatus have distinct cornua

68
Q

How many host tick is Ixodes holocyclus?

A

3 host tick

69
Q

What does the distribution of Ixodes holocyclus depend on?

A

Fairly consistent humidity (susceptible to desiccation)

Presence of natural hosts (bandicoot, possums and koalas)

70
Q

What effect does the holocyclotoxin of Ixodes holocyclus have on the body?

A

Causes transmission disturbance at the neuromuscular junction by inhibiting the release of ACh which results in flaccid paralysis.

71
Q

How can a dog develop immunity to the effects of Ixodes holocyclus?

A

Long term, low dose exposure. Urban dogs unlikely to acquire some degree of immunity.

72
Q

How would you treat a case of tick paralysis?

A

Remove ALL parts of the tick
Administer anti-toxin serum
Support therapy

73
Q

How does the Tick Antitoxin Serum (TAS) work?

A

Neutralises circulating toxin however, its efficacy varies and adverse reactions can develop.

74
Q

What products would you recommend for tick prevention?

A

Frontline, Nexgard, Advantix, Permoxin, Kiltix collar, Preventic collar

75
Q

What is the common name for the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus?

A

Common brown dog tick (kennel tick)

76
Q

Is this tick a 2 host tick and what does it transmit?

A

No, it is a 3 host tick.

It transmits Babesia canis vogeli

77
Q

Why is Rhipicephalus sanguineus unusual among other ticks?

A

It can complete its entire lifecycle indoors

78
Q

What are the predilection sites for Rhipicephalus sanguineus?

A

Between paws and in the ears (but can be anywhere on the hosts skin)

79
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with R. sanguineus?

A

Anaemia in heavy infestations
Inflamed nodule at attachment site
Signs of tick-borne diseases

Small Animal Parasitology (5 decks)

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