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Small Animal Parasitology > Cestoda > Flashcards

Cestoda Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the larval stages of Taenia hydatigena locate?

A

Larval stage called Cysticercus tenuicollis

They develop in the peritoneum of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs (rarely horses)

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2
Q

What is the effect of the presence of cysticerci of T. hydatigena at slaughter?

A

Condemnation

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3
Q

Cysticercus pisiformis are the larval stages of what Taenia species? And where do they develop in their host?

A

Taenia pisiformis

Liver and peritoneum of rabbits

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4
Q

Where do the larval stages of Taenia ovis locate?

A

Cysticercus ovus develop in the muscle of sheep and goats

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5
Q

Adult Taenia spp live in the small intestine of the host (usually for up to one year) how many proglottids (containing eggs) will they shed daily?

A

2-3 gravid proglottids

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6
Q

How do the intermediate hosts of Taenia get infected? (sheep, cattle, rabbits, humans etc)

A

Ingestion of eggs or gravid proglottids

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7
Q

Regarding Taenia species: the oncospheres in the small intestine of the intermediate hosts are released from the eggs. What happens next?

A

They penetrate the intestinal wall and make their way to the organ of predilection for their species (liver, peritoneum, muscle etc.) where they will develop into mature cysticerci.

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8
Q

How do the definitive hosts (dog, wolf, fox, cat etc.) of Taenia species get infected?

A

Ingestion of tissue that contain mature cysticerci

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9
Q

The prevalence of Taenia infections in dogs depends on what?

A

How available viscera from slaughtered livestock or hunted animals (rabbits) are to the dogs.

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Taenia species in dogs and cats?

A

Infestations usually not harmful to the DH; however, heavy infections may see non-specific abdominal symptoms like diarrhoea, constipation, unthriftiness and a somewhat pot-bellied appearance.

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11
Q

How are you going to diagnose an infection with Taenia spp.?

A

Identification of proglottids (longer than wide with one genital pore) in the faeces/environment/coat or visualisation of eggs in the faeces.
Immunodiagnosis or detection of DNA in the faeces

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12
Q

What is the significance of Taenia eggs in comparison to Echinococcus eggs? Describe the eggs.

A

They cannot be distinguished from each other.

30-40um, circular or oval, brown with striated embryophore and contain an oncosphere (hexacanth embryo)

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13
Q

How are you going to treat infections with Taenia spp?

A

Fen-me-flubendazole, Nitroscanate, Praziquantel or Epsiprantel

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14
Q

Would you say that denying dogs access to potentially infected carcasses with Taenia spp will contribute significantly to the control of this parasite?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What is cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by?

A

Larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus

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16
Q

What is the morphology of the adult stages of E. granulosus?

A

2-7mm long and can contain up to 6/7 proglottids
Scolex with rostellum and 4 suckers
The last proglottid is gravid and the one before that is mature

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17
Q

30-50um, circular/oval, brown eggs with a striated embryophore are from which species?

A

E. granulosus and T. spp (they are indistinguishable)

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18
Q

What are the definitive hosts of E. granulosus? And how do they become infected?

A

Dog, wolf, dingo, coyote, jackal, fox (not the domestic cat)

They get infected by ingesting viscera of IH that contain fertile cysts

19
Q

What are the intermediate hosts for E. granulosus? And how do they get infected?

A

Sheep, cattle, horses, camels, deer, pigs, rabbits, kangaroos, humans, monkeys etc…
Become infected by ingesting eggs (larvae commonly develop in the liver and lungs)

20
Q

What is the structure of E. granulosus cysts?

A

Bladder with two layers (germinal layer and laminated layer)
Metacestode surrounded by adventitial layer
Daughter cysts may develop

21
Q

How can humans get infected with E. granulosus?

A

Contact with an infected DH (eggs can be on dog coat)
Ingestion of vegetable, salads, fruit etc. contaminated with eggs
Drinking water contaminated with eggs (from faeces)

22
Q

In terms of epidemiology, how do Tasmania and New Zealand differ from mainland Australia regarding E. granulosus infections?

A

Tasmania and NZ have implemented 30 years of hydatid control and are on the point of declaring themselves ‘provisionally hydatid free’

23
Q

What two species of animal on mainland Australia were the key to transmission success of E. granulosus?

A

Dingoes and Macropods

24
Q

When are majority of infections of E. granulosus seen in the IH?

A

At slaughter

Clinical signs if any are specific to the organ affected with cysts

25
Q

Infections with hundreds of E. granulosus parasites might be tolerated without any clinical signs in the definitive host. True or False?

A

False. Thousands of parasites can be tolerated by the DH without clinical signs.

26
Q

How are you going to diagnose an infected definitive host of E. granulosus?

A

Faecal examination (has limitations, human safety!)
Immunodiagnosis (antigen in faeces, antibodies in serum)
Detection of copro-DNA
Direct examination of intestine at PM (human safety!)

27
Q

What drug/s will you use for the treatment of infections with E. granulosus?

A

Praziquantel every 5-6 weeks

28
Q

What actions should be undertaken to prevent infection with E. granulosus?

A

Do not feed dogs offal or leave carcasses laying around
Reduce the number of stray dogs and remove from farms/abattoirs
Basic hygiene and wash fruit and vegetable well

29
Q

What is the most common tapeworm of the dog in many parts of the world?

A

Dipylidium caninum

30
Q

Where does Dipylidium caninum locate and how will you identify it?

A

Small intestine of dog, cat, fox, human (children)

Retractable rostellum with 3-5 rows of hooks, gravid proglottids are longer than wider with two genital pores

31
Q

The gravid proglottids will contain up to 150 egg capsules. What is the most distinguishing feature of Dipylidium caninum egg capsules?

A

Resemble cucumber seeds

32
Q

What will ingest the eggs of Dipylidium caninum?

A

Fleas

33
Q

Will you see clinical signs in Dipylidium caninum infestations?

A

Commonly no obvious clinical signs
May drag anus on the ground –> alopecia
Abdominal pain, haemorrhagic enteritis seen commonly in infections with more than 100 parasites

34
Q

What is the first step to controlling an infection with D. caninum?

A

CONTROL THE FLEAS (then treat D. caninum)

35
Q

What is the scientific name for the zipper worm?

A

Spirometra erinacei

36
Q

Where do adult Spirometra worms locate and in what host?

A

Small intestine of cat, fox and dog

37
Q

What do the eggs of Spirometra erinacei look like?

A

Yellow, asymmetrical and operculated

38
Q

What are the two larval stages of Spirometra erinacei?

A 
Procercoid larvae (cyclops spp)
Plerocercoid larvae (frogs, reptiles, birds, mammals, but not fish)
39
Q

What is the lifecycle of Spirometra erinacei?

A

Sorry guys, too complicated for this but definitely have a look at it :)

40
Q

What is sparganosis?

A

Infection with plerocercoid larvae of the genus Spirometra

41
Q

How can humans get infected with Sparganum and subsequently develop sparganosis?

A

Drinking water containing copepods with procercoid larvae
Ingesting meat from hosts containing plerocercoid larvae
By pressing flesh of infested frog as a poultice to ulcers, wounds or sore eyes (humans are paratenic hosts)

42
Q

Which drug is the only one that will treat infections with all four species of tapeworm?

A

Praziquantel (Droncit)

43
Q

What are the four main tapeworm species found in dogs and cats?

A

Taenia spp
Echinococcus spp
Dipylidium caninum
Spirometra spp

Small Animal Parasitology (5 decks)

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