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Small Animal Parasitology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What species of animal are the most suitable definitive hosts for Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Domestic dogs and some wild canids. Cats can get infected but they are not as suitable as dogs.

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2
Q

What is the average lifespan of adult Dirofilaria?

A

In dogs: 5-7 years

In cats: 2-3 years

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3
Q

What is the intermediate host for Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Female mosquitoes (Culex, Aedes and Anopheles spp)

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4
Q

What is the name of the intracellular bacteria harboured in Dirofilarial worms?

A

Wolbachia pipientis

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5
Q

What is the life cycle length of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

7-9 months

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6
Q

How do the intermediate hosts get infected with Dirofilaria immitis?

A

The mosquitoes get infected with microfilariae when taking a blood meal.

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7
Q

What happens to the microfilaria after it is taken up by the mosquito?

A

At 26-28°C L1 -> L2 -> L3 over the span of about 2 weeks.

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8
Q

How does the definitive host get infected?

A

While the mosquito is taking a blood meal the developed L3 will get deposited on the skin of the host and enter via the puncture wound made by the mosquito.

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9
Q

Who is most susceptible?

A

All dogs regardless of age, sex or habitat are susceptible to heart worm infection.

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10
Q

The pathogenesis of D. immitis depends on what?

A

Number of worms present.
Duration of the infection.
Level of activity of the dog.
Size of the dogs.

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11
Q

How big a role do microfilaria play in the pathogenesis of D. immitis infections?

A

They seem to play a minor role but will cause pneumonitis and glomerulonephritis.

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12
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale?

A

Disruption of endothelial cell junctions and denuding of intimal surface -> intimal proliferation in response to parasite -> blockage of the lumen -> pulmonary artery and large branches get dilated, thickened and develop ridged intimas -> congestive heart failure.

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13
Q

What is Caval Syndrome?

A

D. immitis are also in the right atrium and caudal vena cava causing a partial inflow obstruction -> massive haemolysis (haemoglobinuria) -> liver failure -> passive congestion (ascites etc.) -> circulatory shock/death

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with infections with D. immitis?

A 
Reduced exercise tolerance
Fatigue -> lethargy
Weight loss despite good appetite
Dyspnoea 
Syncope and hemoptysis
Abnormal pulmonary and cardiac sounds
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15
Q

In a dog with caval syndrome, if the heartworms are not removed surgically, how soon may death occur?

A

Within 2-3 days.

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16
Q

How would you diagnose a heart worm infection?

A

Clinical signs
History and clinical examination
Confirmed by detection of microfilaria and detection of parasite antigens or specific antibodies

17
Q

You suspect heart worm infection of one of your canine patients. Upon inspection of a blood sample you cannot detect microfilaria. Does that mean this dog is not infected with D. immitis?

A

No, the dog may have an occult infection (no circulating microfilaria). This may be due to a prepatent infection, single sex infection or most commonly immunologic or drug medicated elimination of the microfilaria

18
Q

What are the best ways to detect microfilaria of D. immitis?

A

Blood smear

Concentration techniques

19
Q

Microfilaria of D. immitis need to be differentiated from microfilaria of which other parasite?

A

Acanthocheilonema reconditum

20
Q

The amount of antigen from female D. immitis in the circulation is indicative of what?

A

Age, number and health of the female parasites.

21
Q

When would detection of D. immitis specific antibody be indicated?

A

To diagnose or rule out heart worm infections in cats.

22
Q

When clinical presentation of heart worm disease does not require immediate intervention, it is beneficial to administer:

A

MLs for up to 3 months prior to adulticide treatment

Doxycycline for one month before adulticide treatment (Wolbachia)

23
Q

What is the adulticide used for killing adult stages of Dirofilaria immitis?

A

Melarsomine dihydrochloride (Immiticide)

24
Q

What life cycle stages will you target to prevent heart worm infection?

A

L3 and L4 with MLs

25
Q

How do cats become infected with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

Ingestion of paratenic hosts (most commonly) and intermediate hosts

26
Q

Where do the adults stages of Dirofilaria immitis locate?

A

In the pulmonary artery which can lead to the right ventricle. In heavy infestations the right atrium and the caudal vena cava my be affected.

27
Q

Describe the clinical signs seen with complicated babesiosis.

A 
Neurological dysfunctions
Hypotension and systemic inflammation
Consumption of platelets and clotting factors
Renal and hepatic dysfunction
Metabolic acidosis
Pulmonary oedema
28
Q

How would you treat a case of canine babesiosis?

A

Imidocarb dipropionate

29
Q

Which parasite is a major concern for women infected for the first time during pregnancy?

A

Toxoplasma gondii

30
Q

This parasite is capable of infecting and replicating within virtually any nucleated mammalian or avian cell.

A

Toxoplasma gondii

31
Q

How does infection with T. gondii occur?

A

Ingestion of sporulated oocysts
Ingestion of tissue cysts containing bradyzoites
Tachyzoites

32
Q

Fatal/clinical toxoplasmosis can result from what?

A

Overwhelming primary infections (immunocompetent or immunodeficient individuals)
Reactivation of chronic infections

33
Q

Inflammation and necrosis associated with an infection of Toxoplasma gondii in cats are as a result of?

A

Multiplication of tachyzoites

34
Q

How would you treat a case of toxoplasmosis in a cat or dog?

A

Clindamycin, Toltrazuril and, Sulfonamides and Pyrimethamine (toxic to cats though)

35
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Neospora caninum?

A

Gradual, progressive, ascending paralysis with hyperextension of the hind limbs
Muscle atrophy, contracture (stiffness) and fibrosis can result

Small Animal Parasitology (5 decks)

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