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TOB > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

0
Q

What is alopecia areata?

A

Autoimmune hair loss.

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1
Q

What is vitiligo

A

Autoimmune depigmentation (melanocytes destruction)

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2
Q

What causes wrinkles?

A

Damage to collagen and elastin by UV

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3
Q

What cancers can be caused by UV?

A

Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma.

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4
Q

What are the four layers of the epidermis?

A 
Basal layer (stratum basale)
Prickle cell layer (stratum spinosum)
Granular layer (stratum granulosum)
Horny layer (stratum corneum)
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5
Q

Where do keratinocytes undergo mitosis?

A

Basal layer.

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6
Q

What are keratins?

A

Heterodimeric fibrous proteins.

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7
Q

Why does the prickle cell layer appear the way it does?

A

Intercellular junctions - desmosomes

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8
Q

What occurs in the granular layer?

A

Cells lose their plasma membrane and start to differentiate into corneocytes.

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9
Q

What is synthesised by cells in the prickle cell layer?

A

Keratins

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10
Q

What is present in the granular layer?

A

Keratohyalin granules (aggregations of: keratin; other proteins such as involucrin and filaggrin; enzymes that degrade phospholipid bilayer, and cross link proteins such filaggrin which aggregates keratin and involucrin which forms the corneocyte envelope)

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11
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells of bone marrow origin.

Mediate immune reactions such as contact dermatitis.

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12
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Cells of neural crest origin.
Produce melanin (more melanin produced in darker skinned people)
Tips of dendritic processes phagocytosed by keratinocytes.

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13
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

At intervals in the basal layer of the epidermis.

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14
Q

Where are langerhans cells found?

A

The prickle cell layer.

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15
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Common skin condition (2% of population)

Extreme proliferation of basal cell layer, thickening of prickle cell layer, excessive stratum corneum (scaling)

16
Q

What is the purpose of interdigital ion between dermis and epidermis?

A

Increase surface area for which they are in contact, reduce the risk of blistering due to shearing.

17
Q

What makes up the dermis? Classify the connective tissue.

A 
Collagen (type 1) and elastin
Ground substance - GAGs, proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid, water.
Fibroblasts
Mast cells
Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
Nerves
18
Q

What is a keloid?

A

Excessive scar tissue following wounding (mainly collagen synthesised by fibroblasts)

19
Q

Describe the blood supply to the dermis:

A

Larger blood vessels lie in the deeper dermis, interconnecting vessels connect to smaller vessels (arterioles, venues and capillaries) in the superficial dermis.

20
Q

What causes a port wine stain?

A

Congenital malformation of dermal blood vessels.

21
Q

What do mast cells contain, and what is the effect of release in the tissues?
What is a possible effect of degranulation in sensitised individuals?

A

Histamine - increases permeability of blood vessels, oedema, can cause angio-oedema and urticaria
Heparin - anticoagulant
Chemoattractants - eosinophilic and neutrophilic.
The degranulation of mast cells can cause anaphylactic reactions.

22
Q

What does a pilosebaceous unit consist of?

A

Hair sheath and hair shaft.
Arrector pili muscle
Sebaceous gland.

23
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete? Where are they larger in the adult?

A

Sebum.

The face.

24
Q

How do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Holocrine secretion

25
Q

What is acne?

A

Abnormal differentiation of the ducts of sebaceous glands, they become obstructed.
Increased sebum production
Infection with normal skin bacteria.
Changes occur at puberty. Most common on the face.

26
Q

What is hyperhidrosis?

A

Increased sweating - wet hands and wet malodorous feet.

27
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands release, and how does this produce body odour?

A

Thick protein rich substance.

Digestion by cutaneous microbes produces body odour

28
Q

What are the four main functions of skin?

A

Barrier.
Thermoregulation
Psychosexual communication
Sensation

29
Q

What can disruption of the stratum corneum, meaning the skin cannot perform its function as a barrier, lead to?

A 
Loss of fluid
Loss of nutrients
Loss of heat
Loss of proteins
Increased absorption of drugs
30
Q

Name two pathologies that can affect sensation.

A

Diabetic sensory neuropathy

Leprosy

31
Q

What two means of thermoregulation are employed by the skin?

A

Vascular thermoregulation

Thermoregulatory eccrine sweating

32
Q

What is erythrodermic psoriasis?

A

A type of psoriasis - inability to vasoconstrict leads to redness, uncontrolled heat loss, shivering and hypothermia.

TOB (14 decks)

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