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TOB > Cartilage And Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

0
Q

How does cartilage resist repeated application of pressure?

A

Extracellular matrix is pliable also has a high amount of hyaluronic acid and so forms hydrated gel.

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1
Q

How do chondrocytes obtain their nutrients?

A

Cartilage is avascular. High ratio of GAGs to collagen permits ready diffusion of nutrients from the blood vessels surrounding the cartilage

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2
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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3
Q

What does hyaline cartilage contain?

A

Chondrocytes
Type 2 collagen
Ground substance - proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates are bound to collagen.

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4
Q

What does elastic cartilage contain, in addition to that found in hyaline cartilage?

A

Elastic fibres and elastic lamellae

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5
Q

What does fibrocartilage have in addition to hyaline cartilage?

A

Type 1 collagen

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6
Q

What is a group of recently divided chondrocytes called?

A

Isogenous group

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7
Q

What causes chondrocytes in an isogenous group of chondrocytes to separate?

A

Elaboration of matrix

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8
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A 
Articulating joints.
Rib cage
Nose
Trachea, larynx, and bronchi
Epiphyseal growth plates.
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9
Q

What covers the margin of hyaline cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

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10
Q

What cells are present in the perichondrium, and what do they differentiate into?

A

Fibroblast like cells, which differentiate into chondroblasts and then chondrocytes.

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11
Q

Classify perichondrium as a type of connective tissue.

A

Dense connective tissue (? Irregular)

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12
Q

What are the two ways by which cartilage grows?

A

Appositional growth - matrix secreted by chondroblasts in the perichondrium.
Interstitial growth - matrix secreted by chondrocytes deeper in the cartilage.

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13
Q

What is the difference between territorial and interterritorial matrix?

A

Territorial matrix is more highly sulphated.

Territorial matrix closely surrounds the chondrocytes, recently laid down, interterritorial is further away.

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14
Q

What do chondrocytes lie in, and what happens during fixation?

A

Lacunae, chondrocytes shrink during fixation.

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15
Q

What directs the synthetic activity of chondrocytes?

A

Pressure loads create mechanical, electrical and chemical signals.

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16
Q

What makes up the skeleton of the fetus?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

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17
Q

Does the hyaline cartilage on articulating surfaces have a perichondrium?

A

No.

18
Q

Does elastic cartilage calcify?

A

No

19
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear (pinna), external acoustic meatus, Eustachian tube, epiglottis.

20
Q

How might you identify elastic fibres in a micrograph?

A

They stain darker.

21
Q

What cells are present in fibrocartilage?

A

Fibroblasts and chondrocytes.

22
Q

How are the cells often arranged in fibrocartilage?

A

In rows

23
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Pubic symphysis, articulating discs of the temperomandibular and sternoclavicular joints, intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee.

24
Q

What is the role of fibrocartilage?

A

Resist shearing forces

Shock absorption

25
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

No.

26
Q

What lies in the centre of an osteon, and what does it carry?

A

Haversian canals. Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves.

27
Q

What canals run perpendicular to the length of the bone, and what do they carry?

A

Volkmann’s canals - blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves.

28
Q

What are the different possible locations of lamellae in bone?

A

Inner circumferential lamellae
Outer circumferential lamellae
Interstitial lamellae
Lamellae within an osteon

29
Q

What is the difference between mature and immature bone?

A

Immature bone has randomly arranged osteocytes.

Mature bone has osteocytes arranged within concentric lamellae of osteons. Resorption canals are parallel with osteons.

30
Q

How are osteons arranged in bone?

A

Able to branch and terminate.

31
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tunnels in which cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes lie, that permit transport of substances to osteocytes further away from the Haversian canal.
Cytoplasmic extensions are connected by gap junctions.

32
Q

What is the structure of cancellous bone?

A

Arranged in trabeculae, which have no Haversian or Volkmann’s canals, osteocytes lie between concentric lamellae.

33
Q

What lies in the cavities of cancellous bone?

A

Red bone marrow - haemopoietic cells

Yellow bone marrow - adipose cells

34
Q

How do osteoclasts resort bone?

A

Release Hydrogen ions and lysosomal enzymes

35
Q

What is a cutting cone?

A

Bone remodelling unit - osteoclasts followed by osteoblasts laying down osteoid.

36
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

65% calcium hydroxyapatite crystals.
23% type 1 collagen
2% non collagen proteins
10% water

37
Q

How does bone resist fractures?

A

High tensile and compressive strength

Flexibility - lamellae able to slip relative to each other

38
Q

What is the process of fracture healing?

A

Haematoma forms, granulation tissue forms
Procallus forms of fibrocartilage, bony trabeculae form
Ossified (endochondral and intermembranous) forms cancellous bone
Cancellous bone replaced by cortical bone, then remodelled.

39
Q

How does the fibrocartilaginous callous form?

A

Capillaries invade haematoma.
Tissue rich in fibroblasts and blood vessels (Procallus) forms.
Fibroblasts secrete collagen type one which spans the break.
Other fibroblasts differentiate into chondroblasts - secrete a sleeve of hyaline cartilage
Osteoblasts from periosteum and endosteum form spongy trabecular bone.

40
Q

What occurs during haematoma formation?

A

Blood vessels in bone are broken, bleeding into fracture, clot = haematoma.
Swelling and inflammation.
Osteocytes cells at edge of fracture die due to lack of blood supply.
Phagocytes and osteoclasts remove dead bone
Macrophages eventually remove haematoma.

41
Q

How does bony callus formation in fracture repair occur?

A

Bony trabeculae form and endochondral ossification converts the fibrocartilaginous callus to cancellous bone.
Continues for 2 months

42
Q

How does bone remodelling in fracture repair occur?

A

Cancellous bone converted to cortical bone.
Bulging edges removed by osteoclasts.
Eventually takes original shape as responding to same mechanical stressors
Occurs for several months.

43
Q

What are the three different bone grafts?

A

Autograft - from the recipient (most successful)
Homograft - from another human - may be rejected.
Heterograft - another species - least successful, but calf bones lose antigenicity on refrigeration.

TOB (14 decks)

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