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HUBS 192 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What type of epithelia is the epidermis mostly made up of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

what are the 4 layers of the epidermis called (outermost to innermost)

A

stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

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3
Q

function and location of desmosomes

A

anchor neighbouring cells, all through the epidermis

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4
Q

function and location of the hemidesmosomes

A

anchors the stratum basale to the dermis. Only found in the stratum basale.

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5
Q

what is the extra layer of skin called for thick skin and where does it sit between?

A

the stratum lucidum in the epidermis

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6
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis called and what do they have in common?

A

papillary and reticular layer
both contain blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory nerve fibres and accessory structures

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7
Q

features of the papillary layer

A

highly vascularised tissues (for nourishment)

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8
Q

features of the reticular layer

A

mesh like structure of collagen and elastin ( for strength)

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9
Q

features of the cutaneous plexus

A

blood vessels at the junction of the dermis and hypodermis
Supplies the hypodermis, deeper dermis including capillaries for hair follicles and sweat glands

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10
Q

features of the subpapillary plexus

A

branches from the cultaneous plexus
lies deep to the papillary layer of the dermis
network of blood vessels providing oxygen and nutrients to upper dermis and epidermis.

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11
Q

what layers of the skin make up the cultaneous layer?

A

the epidermis and the dermis

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12
Q

what layers of the skin make up the subcultaneous layer?

A

the hypodermis

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13
Q

features of the hypodermis

A

mostly adipocytes producing subcutaneous fat
this fat stores energy and provides insulation

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14
Q

effects of first degree burns
layers, effects, heal time

A

superficial layer only the outer layer of epidermis
skin remains water and bacterial barrier
3-10 days healing

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15
Q

normal second degree burn

A

epidermis and varying amounts of dermis effected. blistered and painrul
1-2 weeks healing

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16
Q

deeper 2nd degree burn

A

whitish waxy areas
hair follicles and sweat glands remain intact
possible loss of sensation or scarring
usually heel in 1 month

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16
Q

3rd degree burn

A

full thickness burn
extends into subcultaneous tissue and may involve bone and muscle
no pain due to destroyed nerve endings

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17
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

contraction produced goose bumps- improving insulation

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18
Q

root hair plexus

A

at the base of each hair follicle, allow for heightened sensation.

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19
Q

sebaceous glands

A

produce sebum, nourishing the hair shaft and naturally moistursing the skin.
water repellent

20
Q

what happnens when hair follicles become blocked

A

too much sebum being produced= infection which increases the sebum production resulting in acne

21
Q

what is lanolin

A

sheep sebum

22
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

most areas of the skin
watery secretions directly onto skin surface
important for excretion and thermoregulation
some antibacterial action

23
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

specific areas- underarm, groin and nipples.
secrete sticky, oily smelly secretions into base of the hair follicle
influence by hormones eg lactation

24
Q

function of nails

A

protect fingertips and toes
enhance sensation
sensory receptors require deformation

25
Q

what occurs as the skin ages?

A

epidermis thins as basal cells arent replaced as fast
dermis thins, reduced collagen
slower skin repair
less sebum= drier epidermis
less sweat= impaired cooling
less pigmentation

26
Q

function of melanin

A

to absorb UV light- protecting cells from UV damage

27
Q

function and location of melanocytes

A

to produce melanin, only found in stratum basale

28
Q

function and location of melanosomes

A

vesicles to transfer melanin
found throughout epidermis ( able to be shed )

29
Q

what causes a mole

A

cluster of melanocytes- cant be shed

30
Q

what causes a freckle

A

melanocytes overproducing melanosomes. can be shed

31
Q

vitamin d function, what occurs in its deficiency, and what is required for its synthesis

A

essential for calcium metabolism and strong bones
without it can cause rickets and affect mood
UV exposure is required for vitamin D synthesis

32
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

common but mostly benign
originates in stratum basale
spread is rare

33
Q

malignant melanoma

A

rare but deadly without treatment
originates in melanocytes
highly spreadable
mortality rate dependent on tumour.

34
Q

tattoo

A

artificial pigmentation deposited into the dermal layer so it isnt shed.

35
Q

free nerve endings
where are they, what is their function, what do they respond to?

A

small swellings at the ends of axons= sensory terminals
temp
pain
movement and pressure
itch- response to histamine

36
Q

tactile disks
where are they, what is their function, what do they respond to?

A

free nerve endings in deepest layer of epidermis
large disk shaped epidermal cells
communicate through seratonin
in fingertips, small receptive fields, good two point discrimination
sensitive to
touch and light pressure
texture, shape and edges
low frequency vibration (5-15 hz)

37
Q

tactile corpuscles
where are they, function, and what they respond to

A

papillary layer of dermis- particularly hairless skin
encapsulated- surrounded by schwann cells and a thin over fiberous connective tissue capsule
capsule being deformed= Na entry into nerve terminal= AP
senstive to…
light pressure
delicate touch
low frequence vibration (10-50HZ)

38
Q

lamellar corpuscles
where are they, function and what they respond to?

A

deep in dermis and hypodermis
single sensory axon terminal within layers of collagen fibres and fibroblasts, layers seperated by intersistual fluid.
isolated from stimulu apart from deep pressure
also stimulated by vibration as theyre rapidly adapting (250HZ)

39
Q

Bulbous Corpuscles
where are they, function and response

A

dermis and subcutaneous tissue
nerve endings intertwined with collagen fibres
sustained deep pressure and stretching of skin
important for signalling, also found in joint capsules for proprioception

40
Q

what are the 4 heat transfer mechanisms

A

radiation, convection, conduction, evaporation

41
Q

what causes reduced skin bloodflow?

A

noradrenaline acting on increased number of a1 recptors on skin smooth muscle
gpcr coupled to intracellular 2nd messengers, increasing intracellular Ca= vasoconstriction

42
Q

what causes increased skin bloodflow

A

reducing sympathetic nervous system activation of a1 receptors= dilation of arteries= increased skin blood flow

43
Q

where does the normal core body temperature sit between?

A

36.5-37.5

44
Q

when body temp is above set point how does the heat loss centre decrease the temp?

A

sympathetic nervous system activation of a1 receptors for skin blood vessels= vasodilation
increases SNS cholinergic activation of mAchrs on sweat glands= sweating
increased respiratory rate

45
Q

when body temp is below set point how does the heat gain centre warm it up

A

shivering- oscillatory contractions of the agonist and antagonist muscles
ATP–> ADP+Pi+movement+heat

non shivering thermogenesis
increased sympathetic nerve activity= vasoconstriction
increase in adrenaline from adrenal medulla
increased cellular metabolism (glycogenolysis in liver and muscle)
uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, fuel goes straight to heat rather then ATP

46
Q

what occurs if an individual is in a cold envrionment for days/weeks

A

Increase in thyroxine in response to RRH and TSH. increases the basal metabolic rate.

47
Q

in heat terms what is a physiological feedforward example

A

hairy animals heat conservation by trapping a layer of warm air around skin making you look bigger. this occurs before the body temperature drops

HUBS 192 (6 decks)

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