respiratory system Flashcards
what makes up the upper respiratory system?
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx.
what makes up the lower respiratory tract?
larynx, trachea, brachus, broncholes, respiratory bronchioes
what type of epithelia is in the conducting region?
respiratory epithelium: ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium
what type of epithelia is where air and food travel?
stratified squamous.
what type of epithelia does the gas exchange system have?
simple squamous
what type of epithelium does olfaction have?
olfactory mucus.
what are the functions of the URT
preparing air to enter respiratory membrane by making it warm, clean & moist
what are olfactions
sensory receptors for smell
what are vissibrae
hairs that filter inhaled air trapping dust and debris.
what is the function of conchae
projections that help swirl the air that is breathed in, particles stick to the mucosa. allows more time for warming and humidyfyign air and olfactory detection
how is nasal epithelium different?
the nasal cavity contains mostly respiratory epithelium with a specialised area of olfactory epithelium that has olfactory receptors.
what are paranasal sinuses and what is their function?
cavities surrounding the nose, they are lined with respiratory mucosa. they help to lighten the skull and have increased surface area to clean, warm and moisten the air. infected mucus can block drainage
what happens at the nasopharynx region of the pharynx?
It is an air passage only, it has respiratory epithelium
the soft palate and uvula both the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity
the auditory tubes drain here from the middle of the ears, blocked sinuses= blocked ears
has pharyngeal tonsils on the posterior wall
what occurs at the oropharynx region?
air and food can pass
stratified squamous epithelium= protection against abrasion.
posterior to oral cavity, soft palate to hyoid bone
has both palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils
what occurs at the laryngopharynx region?
both air and food can pass
stratified squamous epithelium
hyoid bone to openingof esophagus
what are tonsils
a type of lymph node that provide extra immune support
what are 3 functions of the lower respiratory system?
conducts air to the site of gas exchange
completes cleaning, warming and humidifying of air
provides a barrier between air and blood, and a large surface area for gas exchange.
what is the function of the epiglottis?
it closes over the airway when swallowing so food doesn’t go down airway.
what are vestibular folds?
false vocal cords, they prevent entry of forgein object entry into the glottis.
how does the trachea maintain a patient airway? and what type of epithelium is it lined with?
through C shaped cartilage rings
its ends are connected by a band of smooth muscle=trachealis (these contract for coughing)
lined with respiratory epithelium
what is the structure and function of the mucociliary escalator?
removes debris from the pharynx to be swallowed and digested
mucus from goblet cells and mucous secreting glands coat the surface of the epithelium so the debris becomes trapped. The cilia then beat to move the mucus to the pharynx
how many lobes does each lung have? And what is a hilium?
right lobes has 3
left side has 2 due to the heart being on that side
the area where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs
describe the order of the bronchiole tree
trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, contiues branching until they reach the terminal bronchioes
what type of cartilage and epithelium do the segments of the bronchial tree have?
trachea- respiratory epithelium, c shaped cartilage rings
primary bronchi- respiratory epithelium, cartilage and smooth muscle rings
secondary and tertiary bronchi- respiratory epithelium starts to decrease in height, goblet cells reduce and cartilage plates
bronchioles- cuboidal epithelium, no cartilage but thick smooth muscle for bronchioconstriction/dilation
terminal- lined with smooth muscle
Why are alveolar walls so thin?
they have simple squamous epithelium to allow for easy gas exchange.
what are the two types of pneumocytes
type I squamous- forms the respiratory membrane/ blood air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane in the middle
type II cuboidal- scattered amoungst type I, these secrete surfactant which reduced the surface tension of the alveolar fluid ensuring air sacs stay open.
what is the difference between a endothelial and a epithelial cell?
endothelial is on the blood side
epithelial is on the air side.
what is a pleural cavity?
the lungs are seperate so they lie in different pleural cavities
what is occuring when we breath in (volume etc)
volume of the thoraxic cavity increases so there is more space for the lungs to increase in volume. This results in pressure being lower inside the lungs so the air moves in.
what occurs when we breath out
we decrease the volume, meaning there is less space for particles. this results in increased pressure inside the lungs so the air moves out.
what type of joint is a sternocostal joint?
synovial (except the first one is cartilagenous)
what type of joint is a costochondral joint?
a cartilagenous
what type of joint is an interchondral joint?
synovial
what are the primary muscles of respiration?
diaphragm and intercostal muscles
accessory muscles which are only active when needed
what is the different shapes of the diagphram for its different functions
when the diaphragm is relaxed it is dome shaped
when it is contracted it flattens out ( expands the thoracic cavity and compresses abdominopelvic cavity.
what are features of the intercostal muscles
they attatch diagonally between neighbouring ribs
external intercostals- lift ribcage and expand cavity they are for inspiration quiet and forced.
internal intercostals- depress the ribcage and decrease the cavity, they are for forced expiration only.
what is the function of the accessory muscles?
some of them increase cavity volume for forced inspiration
others decrease cavity volume for forced expiration
how do lungs expand like the cavity does?
through the pleura. When they expand they pull on parietal which pulls on the visceral which pulls on the lungs which is how they expand and contract with the cavity.
