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HUBS 192 > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is the organ that gametes are produced in for a male?

A

testes producing spermatozoa

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2
Q

what is the organ that produces gametes for a female?

A

ovaries

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3
Q

what part of the pelvis contains the GI tract and which part contains the internal reproductive organs?

A

false/greater= GI tracts
true/lesser= internal reproductive organs

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4
Q

what are the two muscles in the pelvis and what part do they close over?

A

Levator ani and the coccygeus muscle close over the pelvic outlet

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5
Q

what is in the male urogenital triangle?

A

urethra opening and the external genitalia

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6
Q

name the path that the spermatozoa travels along in the male reproductive system?

A

testes
epididymus
ductus deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra

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7
Q

what hormone do the intertestinal endocrine cells produce?

A

testosterone

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8
Q

what hormone do the nurse cells produce?

A

inhibin

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9
Q

what do spermatogenic cells produce?

A

spermatogonia and spermatozoa at various stages of development

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10
Q

features of the epididymus?

A

head, body and tail
sperm enter from semiferous tubules and exit through the ductus defernes (dd are continous with epididymus).
this is the site of sperm maturation

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11
Q

features of the ductus deferns

A

continous with the epididymus, start in spermatic cord and theyre covered with smooth muscle. dilates to form the ampulla

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12
Q

what are the ejaculatory ducts formed by?

A

the ampulla and the duct from the seminal vesicle. opens in the prostatic urethra.

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13
Q

what are the two epithelia that are in the urtethra?

A

transitional columnar to stratified squamous

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14
Q

what are the three sections of the male urethra?

A

prostatic, membranous, penile/spoungy

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15
Q

what are the two sphincters in the male urethra? what is their function?

A

external- skeletal muscle for voluntary control of excretions
internal- detrusor muscle that closes the bladder ensuring the sperm is ejaculated through the urethra

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16
Q

what anatomical features of the scrotum allow for its physiological conditions (muscles)

A

houses the testes away from the body to maintain their temp at approx 34 degrees.
lines with a dartos muscle- its contraction reduces surface area which helps to warm them in colder weather
cremaster muscle- contracts for heat conservation, holds scrotum up closer to body helping to keep them warmer.

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17
Q

what do the spermatic cords contain

A

ductus deferns, blood vessels (testicular arteries and veins), nerves and lymphatics

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18
Q

features of the penis

A

for urination and copulation
cylindrical organ with root, body and glans
3 columns of erectile tissue
-2 corpora cavernosa, main erectile tissue on dorsal aspect of penis
- 1 corpus spongiosum, contains urethra, forms bulbs and glans, is on the ventrical aspect of penis

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19
Q

what three accessory glands make the semen and what % do they produce

A

seminal vesicles- 60%
prostate gland- 30%
bulbourethral gland- 5%

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20
Q

what type of fluid do the seminal vesicles produce?

A

alkaline pH that protects the sperm acidic environment of urethra and vagina.

21
Q

what type of fluid does the prostate gland produce

A

slightly acidc milky fluid, contains prostate specific antigen (PSA), contributes to sperm activation, viability and motility

22
Q

what type of fluid do the bulbourethral glands produce?

A

secretions that lubricate and neutralise acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation.

23
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

cuts the ductus deferns to prevent sperm moving up them. this doesnt impact the volume of the seminal fluid. spermatozoa cant get through

24
Q

what is the process of formation of gametes called?

A

spermatogenesis
spermatogonia (sperm stem cells) are transformed into mature spermatozoa- occurs in seminiferous tubules

25
Q

what are the sperm stem cells called

A

spermatogonia

26
Q

describe what occurs at spermatogenesis 1

A

spermatogonia undergo mitosis where they spit intwo two diploid daughter cells.
one spermatogonium (type A) remains at the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules

27
Q

what occurs during spermatogenesis 2

A

the second spermatogonia (type b) differentiates into a primary spermatocyte which undergoes meoisis I
this forms two secondary spermatocytes (these are haploid with 23 chromosomes however there is twice the amount of dna that there should be)

28
Q

what occurs at spermatogenesis 3

A

the secondary spermatocytes undergo meoisis II where they form spermatids (haploid)
these undergo spermiogenesis which allows them to differentiate into spermatozoa with a head, body and tail. the spermatozoa are then released into the lumen.

29
Q

where is Gonadotropin releasing hormone secreted from and what does hormones does it stimulate the release of?

A

GnRH produced by hypothalamus
causes the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary

30
Q

what does Luteinizing hormone stimulate the release of in males?

A

testerosterone from the interstitual endocrine cells

31
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate the release of in males?

A

the production of inhibin from nurse cells

32
Q

what is the most lateral portion of the uterine tubes?

A

infundibulum- has finger like projections called fimbriae

33
Q

where is the site of fertalisation in the female?

A

ampulla

34
Q

where is the isthmus located

A

the most medial portion of the uterine tubes, a narrow passage.

35
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus?

A

endometrium- outermost layer of connective tissue
myometrium- muscular layer (smooth muscle), for contraction and expansion. thickest of the three layers
endometrium- inner layer, very vascular with columnar epithelium, uterine glands and arteries.

36
Q

what is the layer that sheds and grows causing a menstral cycle?

A

endometrium layer

37
Q

features of the vagina

A

fibromuscular ditensible female copulatory organ
functions as part of the birth canal- so has rugae which allow for its expansion
between bladder and rectum

38
Q

what is the importance of the spiral arteries in the uterine blood supply?

A

these are the arteries that are remodelled during pregnancy which allow for a blood supply for the baby. the breakdown of these arteries in the endometrium are the main source of bloodloss during menestration.

39
Q

when do females produce their gametes

A

they produce a lifetimes supply of gametes prior to birth

40
Q

what is an oogonia

A

female gamete stem cell

41
Q

what occurs in the process of oogenesis before birth?

A

an oogonium will undergo cell division via mitosis (building a large population this stops before birth)
oogonia differentiate form primary ooctyes, each encased in a primordial follicle
the primary ooctyes start meoisis but halt at meosis i prophase i.

42
Q

what occurs in oogenesis from menarche till menopause for meosis I

A

after halting at prophase I in meoisis I the oocytes continue the process when puberty begins (menarche)
under GnRH influence a small number of follices are recruited into each cycle
only one oocyte completes development and ovulates primary oocyte completes meiosis I forming a secondary oocyte (has all the components of a cell, organelles etc) and the 1st polar body (both of these things are haploid)

43
Q

what occurs in oogenesis from menarche till menopause for meosis II

A

the secondary oocyte halts at metaphase II of meiosis II. this process is suspended until fertalisation.
meiosis II resumes when the spermatozoa penetrates the plasma membrane of the ovum at fertalisation.
if the ooctyte isnt fertalised it will break down (atresia) and will never complete the rest of meiosis.

44
Q

what occurs to a ruptured follicle after the oocyte is removed

A

it becomes a corpus luteum and degenerates.

45
Q

what do hormone do ovary follicle cells produce

A

estradiol and inhibin

46
Q

what hormone do ovary corpus luteum cells produce

A

progresterone and inhibin

47
Q

what is the function of inhibin

A

to negatively feedback to the anterior pituitary to supress the secretion of FSH

48
Q

what is the function of progesterone

A

negatively feeds back to supress GnRH (also LH and FSH). this helps to prepare for possibility of fertalisation

HUBS 192 (6 decks)

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