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HUBS 192 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two systems that make up the cardiovascular system?

A

blood vascular system: closed supply and drainage system- a continous loop
lymphatic (vascular) system: open entry drainage system, a one way system

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2
Q

describe the ‘supply side’ of the cardiovasular system

A

arteries are the only supply path
major artiers positioned to avoid damage
important structures often receive supply from multiple sources eg the brain has 4

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3
Q

describe the ‘exchange network’ of the cardiovascular system

A

capillaries of varying degrees of permeability
-continous (controlled)
fenestrated (leaky)
sinusoidal (very leaky)

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4
Q

describe the ‘drainage’ aspect of the cardiovascular system

A

3 pathways for drainage
-deep veins
-superficial veins
-lymphatics

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5
Q

are veins or artieries larger?

A

cross sectional area of veins is x2 that of arteries

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6
Q

describe the flow of blood from the left side of the heart ( names of arteries it travels through)

A

comes from the left and right pulmonary arteries that have just come from the lungs so that the blood could be oxygenated. It initially flows through the left atrium into the left ventricle. finally it travels into the aorta so it can be distributed throughout the body

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7
Q

describe the flow of blood on the right side of the heart, names of veins etc

A

deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium from both the superior and inferior vena cava as well as the coronary sinus. through the tricuspid valve it is pumped into the right venticle where it exits through the pulmonary valve

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8
Q

what is the purpose of valves

A

they allow for a one directional flow of blood to ensure that it doesnt flow backwards.

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9
Q

what are the 4 layers of the heart wall from out to in

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
and pericardium

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10
Q

what is endocardium made of

A

squamous epithelium, loose irregular fiberous connective tissue

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11
Q

what is the function of pericardium

A

the sack that the heart sits in, for protection and lubrication

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12
Q

which ventricle has a greater muscle thickness and why

A

the left ventricle as it has to pump blood around the whole body. it is 3 times as thick as the muscle on the right ventricle.

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13
Q

describe the atrinoventricular valves
(function and names for left and right)

A

the valve between the atrium and the ventricle.
They prevent blood returning into the atrium during ventricular contraction.
right side- tricuspic valve
left side- bicuspid valve

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14
Q

what do atrinoventricular valves do during both diastole and systole

A

distole- the valves are open as its the filling phase
systole- the atrioventricular valves are closed.

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15
Q

describe the semilunar valves
(function and names for left and right)

A

seperate ventricles from blood transfer (arteries and veins)
they prevent blood from returning to the ventricles during filling
right side= pulmonary (semilunar) valve, 3 cusps
left side= aortic valve, 3 cusps
pushes open as blood flows out of the heart, then they close as blood starts to backflow. blood only flows in one direction

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16
Q

what is the function of the papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae?

A

structures to ensure that the valve leaflets dont close too hard during the systole phase.

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17
Q

what arteries deliver oxygenated blood around the heart?

A

right coronary artery, left coronary artery, circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery

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18
Q

what are the veins that removed deoxygenated blood from around the heart?

A

small caridac vein, coronary sinus, great cardiac vein

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19
Q

what is the structure of the cardiac muscle

A

stirated, short branched cells. one or sometimes 2 nucleus in the centre of the cell. interconnected with neighbouring cells via intercollated disks

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20
Q

what connects actin to actin?

A

adhesion belts

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21
Q

function of desmosomes

A

linking cytokeratin with cytokeratin. When the sacromere is contracting it is pulling on the neighboring cells

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22
Q

what do gap junctions do?

A

they allow for electrochemical communication- propigating contractions through the movement of calcium.

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23
Q

features of conduction cells

A

peripheral myofibrils
have a central nucleus
lots of mitochondria and glycogen
lots of gap junctions- only some desmosomes and few adhesion belts

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24
Q

features of the tunica intimita

A

endothelium composed of simple squamous epotheloium- lines the lumen of all the vessels
the subendothelium- a sparce pad of loose fiberous connective tissue that cushions the endothelium
internal elastic lamina- condensed sheet of elastic tissue

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25
Q

what is the presence of internal elastic lamina in veins and arteries

A

well developed in arteries
less developed in veins

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26
Q

features of the tunica media

A

has circumferencial smooth muscle
a variable content of connective tissue fibres- many elastin and collagen

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27
Q

what is media thickness dependent on?

A

proportional to the vessel diametre and blood pressure.
low blood pressure= thinner media

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28
Q

features of the tunica adventita

A

loose fiberous connective tissue with a high collagen content and variable elastin
lymphatics and autonomic nerves also found in this region

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29
Q

what do larger vessels have in their adventita layer?

A

vasa vasorum- vessels for the vessel. The larger vessels get their own blood supply

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30
Q

arteriole function

A

theyre resistance vessels of the circulation, they determine blood pressure
narrower they are the higher the blood pressure is

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31
Q

what is the function of a venule

A

They ensure that blood can only move in one directon.

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32
Q

features of veins
shape, function

A

low pressure large volume systems
capacitance vessels- spare capacity so theyre able to hold additional blood volume
irregular flattened shape with large lumen and thin walls

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33
Q

what are the three layers of a vein

A

intima
media
adventitia

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34
Q

function and features of capillaries

A

site of exchange between blood and tissues
very thin walls, large cross sectional area= slow and smooth blood flow

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35
Q

what are the three types of capillaries and what is their diametre

A

continous 8-10um
fenestrated 8-10 um
sinusoidal 30-40um

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36
Q

features of continous capillaries

A

the least leaky
one red blood cell travels through the lumen at a time

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37
Q

features of the fenestrated capillaries

A

has physical pores that allow for things to move directly across the endothelial layer

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38
Q

features of the sinusodial cappillaries

A

large gaps with an incomplete basement membrane. The greater diametre of the capillary allows for other type of exhange to occur eg nutrients in the liver.

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39
Q

what type of capillaries complete diffusion through membrane

A

continious, fenestrated and sinusoidal

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40
Q

what type of capillaries allow for movement through intercellular clefts

A

continious, fenestrated and sinusoidal

41
Q

what type of capillaries allow for movement through fenestrations

A

fenestrated and sinusoidal

42
Q

what type of capillaries allow for transport via vesicles

A

continous, fenestrated and sinusoidal

43
Q

what is the lymph vascular system and what are its 4 functions?

A

an open entry drainage system
1) drains excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins from tissues and returns them to the blood
2) filters foreign material from the lymph
3) screens lymph for foreign antigens and responds by releasing antibodies and activated immune cells
4) absorbs fat from intestine and transports to blood

44
Q

what is the cisterna chyli

A

a collecting vessel that fat-laden lymph drains into

45
Q

features of lymphatic vessels

A

thin walled
no red blood cells
and they have valves to ensure the lymph can only go in one direction.

46
Q

what are the special group of lymphatic vessels in the small intestine called?

A

lacteals

47
Q

what is diastole

A

when the heart is relaxed, in its filling phase

48
Q

what is systole

A

when the ventricles are contracting, pumping blood around the body.

49
Q

what occurs in the pulmonary circuit?

A

blood flows to the lungs to be reoxygenated and co2 leaves.

50
Q

what occurs in the systemic circuit?

A

oxygen is transported around the body through the blood.

51
Q

how do cells create cardiac contraction

A

calcium levels increase (ca released from the sr).
Mysoin and actin bind= cross bridges= pulling on actin
every myocyte is activated during each heart beat

52
Q

what creates the lubb sound

A

atrinoventricular valves shutting

53
Q

what creates the dupp sound

A

the semilunar valves shutting=

54
Q

is systemic or pulmonary pressure higher

A

systemic because it has to pump blood around the whole body rather than the pulmonary pressure which only has to go to the lungs.

55
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

the different between the highest and lowest points on a blood pressure trace

56
Q

what is the longest phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

passive filling, AV valves are open, blood is returning through the atria to fill the ventricles up.

57
Q

what are the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole, isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, passive filling

58
Q

is systole or diastole phases longer?

A

diastole, spend more time in a relaxed state then contracting.

59
Q

what are some key differences between electrical and contractile cells

A

electrical make up 1% of cardiac cells, pale striated apperance with low actin and mysoin levels
contractile cells 99%, striated apperance, lots of actin and myosin to be able to complete contractions.

60
Q

where does depolarisation in the heart start?

A

at the sinoatrial node

61
Q

what allows for electrochemical signals to move between adjacent cells?

A

intercollated disks gap junctions. Gap junctions allow for the signals to move between cells and they help with increased speed of impule through the heart

62
Q

what is functional syncytium?

A

millions of cardiac cells behaving as one

63
Q

what is occuring at the P wave?

A

the atriums beginning to depolarise

64
Q

what part of the excitation and conduction pathway is a result of the ventricles depolarising?

A

QRS

65
Q

what is occuring at the T wave

A

the ventricles are repolarising

66
Q

how does blood pressure compare in arteries and veins

A

blood pressure high in major arteries, falls steeply across arterioles, capillaries and venules. Lowest in veins

67
Q

what is the equation for blood flow

A

flow= pressure difference/ resistance

68
Q

what causes the ‘flow in’ into arteries?

A

ventricular contraction, ejection and blood and caridac output

69
Q

what is arterial blood volume and pressure determind by?

A

balance between flow in and out

70
Q

what is the equation for arterial pressure?

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

71
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

72
Q

how is arterial blood pressure regulated?

A

by the brainstem
afferent information from the CNS and periphery and the efferent output is to the heart and vessels

73
Q

what do baroreceptors do?

A

constantly send signals to the brain

74
Q

what are the names of the two receptors that provide afferent input to the brain?

A

carotid sinus receptors
aortic arch receptors

75
Q

what is the nerve involved with the parasympathetic region and what does it do?

A

The vagus nerve acts as the break.
It decreases heart rate

76
Q

What does the sympathetic cardiac nerve do?

A

increases the force of contraction

77
Q

what is the difference in length between the pulmonary and the systemic circuit?

A

pulmonary goes straight to the lungs and back
the systemic circuit splits into various branches to supply the body

78
Q

what organs of the body experience increased blood flow during exercise?

A

the muscles, heart and skin

79
Q

what organs of the body experience decreased blood flow during exercise?

A

the kidneys and the GI tract

80
Q

what organ of the body experiences the same amount of blood flow both during rest and exercise?

A

the brain- still has to carry out the same functions during both states

81
Q

what is occuring to mean arterial blood pressure and its factors during exercise?

A

mean arterial blood pressure remains constant and cardiac output increases, therefore total resistance pressure must decrease.

82
Q

how does the internal radius of a vessel affect the resistance of the vessel?

A

the larger the radius the lower the pressure.

83
Q

what is vasoconstriction and vasodilation and how doe arterioles constrict and dilate?

A

Vasoconstriction= when the smooth muscle around the arteriole contracts causing the diametre of the vessel to decrease
Vasodilation= when the smooth muscle around the arteriole dialtes causing the diametre of the vessel to increase

84
Q

what is the rule of 16?

A

changing the radius of a vessel by a factor of 2 will change the resistance by a factor of 16.

85
Q

what is complience

A

the extent to which a vessel allows deformation when force is applied. Higher compliance= stretchier

86
Q

what is the equation for compliance

A

compliance= change in volume/ change in pressure

87
Q

compare the compliance of veins and arteries

A

as the pressure increases for artieries the volume barely changes (low compliance)
as the pressure increases for veins the volume also increases (high compliance)

88
Q

what is venoconstritction

A

if an arterial puncture occurs then venoconstriction is activated.
this is when there is constriction around the veins that store blood, this pushed blood out from the veins and into the heart and arteries.

89
Q

what counteracts the force of gravity on venous blood?

A

valves, they ensure that blood only ascends and doesnt pool in the legs.

90
Q

what other factors help to counteract venous pooling?

A

skeletal muscle stiffens the veins as it allows them not to be less compliant.
Muscle contractions increase the blood flow as the push it up with contractions.

91
Q

how does venous return affect stroke volume?

A

Increased venous return= increased stroke volume

92
Q

what is starlings law of the heart?

A

the more stretched muscle fibres are before a contraction, the stronger the contraction will be.

93
Q

what are the three main functions of blood?

A

transport- good and bad
immune-
coagulation

94
Q

what is blood made up from

A

plasma- mostly water
formed elements

95
Q

what cells make up formed elements of the blood

A

red blood cells- oxygen carrying
white blood cells-immune response
platelets- blood clotting

96
Q

what is hematopoiesis, and where is it initiated and how does it occur

A

the formation of blood cells, initiated in the red blood cells which contain hemocytoblasts ( blood stem cells)

97
Q

what does erythropoietin do?

A

stimulates the production of red blood cells.
requires iron to make hemoglobin.

98
Q

what is the hematocrit?

A

the fraction of blood that is occupied by red blood cells

HUBS 192 (6 decks)

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