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HUBS 192 EXAM > Skin 1-3 > Flashcards

Skin 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in the human body?

A

Skin

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2
Q

How much total surface area is the skin?

A

1.5-2 m2

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3
Q

Our ability to what makes us unique?

A

Sweat

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4
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Skin + all of the accessory structures.

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5
Q

WHat are the functions of the integumentary system? (8)

A

Protection
Excretions using glands
Temperature regulation
Production of melanin
Production of keratin
Synthesis of Vitamin D3 to calcitriol.
Lipid storage
Detect sensory

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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7
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Covers exposed surfaces, forms secratory glands

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8
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy.

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9
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Contracts to produce movement

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10
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Conducts electrical impulses. Carries information

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11
Q

What is cutis?

A

Latin for skin

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12
Q

What are the 3 primary layer of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.

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13
Q

What are the cutaneous layers of the skin composed of?

A

Epidermis and the dermis

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14
Q

WHat is the subcutaneous layer of the skin composed of?

A

Adipose tissue

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15
Q

Describe the composition of the epidermis?

A

Mostly keratinocytes. Avascular.

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16
Q

What is a keratinocyte?

A

Keratin containing cell.

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17
Q

What is the function of the epidermis?

A

Stratified barrier, stacked and used to stop things from passing through it.

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18
Q

What is the composition of the dermis?

A

Protein fibres, vascular.

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19
Q

What are protein fibres composed of?

A

Collagen and elastin

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the dermis?

A

Holds accessory structures as well as nerve endings.

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21
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of?

A

Adipose tissue

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22
Q

What is the purpose of rhe hypodermis?

A

Store adipose tissues and fat which is mobilised during times of fasting.

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23
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer
Reticular layer

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24
Q

What is the predominant tissue type in the epidermis?

A

Epithelial tissue

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25
Q

What is simple epithelia?

A

SIngle layer

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26
Q

What is stratified epithelia?

A

Stacked

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelia?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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28
Q

What are the 4 layers within the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

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29
Q

What is the desmosome?

A

Anchors adjacent cells in epidermis.

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30
Q

What is a hemidesmosome?

A

Anchors stratum basale to dermis.

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31
Q

What is the function and cell type of stratum corneum?

A

Spiky layer, contains dead, dried-out cells, wihtout nuclei. Flakes easily. Has the most cells.

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32
Q

What is the function and cell type of the stratum granulosum?

A

Granular layer. Contains granules that promote dehydration of the cell and crosslinking of keratin fibres. Waxy material is secreted into intercellular spaces.
This is where cells die.

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33
Q

What is the cell type and function of the stratum spinosum?

A

Spinous layer.
Desmosomes link cells together.
Cells become increasingly flattened as they move upwards

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34
Q

What is the cell type and function of the stratum basale?

A

Columnar regenerative cells.
Basal cells will divide and will be pushed into the layer above.

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35
Q

What will happen to the body without the hemidesmosomes?

A

The skin will slide off the body.

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36
Q

Where is thick skin located?

A

On the hands and soles of the feet

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37
Q

What is a special function of thick skin?

A

Extra epidermal layer called the stratum ludidum.

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38
Q

What is the purpose of the dermal papilla?

A

Reaches into the epidermal ridges to provide them with blood and nutrients as the epidermis is avascular.

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39
Q

Where does the stratum lucidum sit?

A

Between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum.

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40
Q

What is an acronym you can use to remember the layers of epidermis for thick skin?

A

CLGSB, or CGSB for thin skin

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41
Q

Is the dermis shed?

A

No

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42
Q

Describe the papillary layer of the dermis

A

Consists of highly vascular tissues (nourished)

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43
Q

Describe the reticular layer of the dermis

A

Mesh-like, has lots of collagen and elastin for strength

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44
Q

Which layers of the dermis contain blood vessels, lymphatics, and sensory nerves?

A

Both the papillary and reticular layers

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45
Q

What are the two plexuses of the dermis?

A

Cutaneous plexus
Subpapillary plexus.

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46
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Branching network of nerves or blood vessels.

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47
Q

What is the makeup and function of the cutaneous plexus?

A

Network of blood vessels that supply the hypodermis and deeper dermis inc capillaries for hair follicles and sweat glands.

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48
Q

What is the makeup and function of the subpapillary plexus?

A

Branches from the cutaneous plexus, network of blood vessels providing O2 and nutrients to the upper dermis and epidermis

49
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Subcutaneous layer.
Not part of the skin.
Lots of adipocytes and fat for energy and insulation.

50
Q

Describe a first degree burn?

A

Superficial
Red, dry, painful
No blisters
Skin is still a waterproof barrier
Heals 3-10 days

51
Q

Describe a normal second degree burn

A

Damages epidermis and varying amounts of dermis.
Painful, red, moist, blistered.
Heals in 1-2 weeks with appropriate dressing

52
Q

Describe a deeper 2nd degree burn

A

May be white and waxy.
hair follicles and sweat glands may remain intact.
Usually heal in a month
May have some loss of sensation and scarring.

53
Q

Does second degree burn damage secondary structures?

A

Not often

54
Q

Describe a 3rd degree burn

A

Full thickness, extends into subcutaneous and involve muscle and bone.
Varies in colour from waxy white to red or black
Hard, leathery skin
No pain as sensory nerves are destroyed
Skin grafts and weeks to regenerate

55
Q

What are the 3 accessory structures of skin?

A

Hair, sweat glands, nail, receptors.

56
Q

What is hair made up of?

A

Karatinized cells produced inside of a hair follicle.

57
Q

How does the arrector pili muscle stop heat from escaping the body?

A

Seals the pore of the skin shut, resulting in goosebumps.

58
Q

What is the function of the root hair plexus?

A

Collection of sensory nerves at the base of each hair follicle leading to heightened sensation

59
Q

What do the sebaceous glands produce??

A

Sebum

60
Q

What is the purpose of sebum?

A

Nourishes hair shaft and makes it water repellent

61
Q

What leads to the production of acne?

A

Blocked hair follicules and increased sebum production

62
Q

What is lanolin>

A

Sheep sebum

63
Q

What is the purpose of an eccrine sweat gland?

A

Sweating to evaporate to cool the core temperature

64
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine and Apocrine

65
Q

What is the function of the apocrine gland?

A

Secrete sticky/oily secreations to the base of the hair follicule

66
Q

What stimulates the apocrine glands?

A

Hormones

67
Q

Where are apocrine glands found?

A

Armpit, groin, around the nipples.

68
Q

What are the 3 types of skin receptors?

A

Tactile, lamellar, bulbous

69
Q

What is the purpose of the nails?

A

Protect fingertips
Enhance sensation
Sensory receptors requiring deformation

70
Q

What are the 6 signs of skin aging?

A

Thin epidermis
THis dermis
Slower skin repair
Drier epidermis
Impaired cooling
Less pigmentation

71
Q

What leads to a thin epidermis with aging?

A

When the stem cells in the stratum basal are no longer able to multiply as effectively

72
Q

What leads to sagging and wrinkling of the skin?

A

Reduced collagen which leads to a then dermis

73
Q

What leads to slow skin repair in aging?

A

Reduced blood flow in the capillaries

74
Q

How does smoking contribute to skin aging?

A

Tobacco contains agents that accelerate aging, damage collagen

75
Q

WHat is the purpose of melanin pigment?

A

Protects cells from UV damaged

76
Q

What is the lifecycle of melanin pigment?

A

Produced in melanocytes and transferred to epidermal cells via melanosomes

77
Q

What layer are melanocytes found in?

A

Stratum basale ( meaning they are not shed)

78
Q

Are melanosomes shed?

A

Yes, with keratinocytes

79
Q

Where are melanosomes found?

A

All throughout the epidermis

80
Q

What is the difference between a mole and a freckle?

A

A mole is a cluster of melanocytes caused by the overproliferation caused by sun exposure, whereas a freckle is caused by melanocytes overproducing melanosomes

81
Q

What is vitamin D used for?

A

Essential for normal calcium metabolism and strong bones

82
Q

What causes rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

83
Q

What is requires for vitamin D synthesis?

A

UV exposure

84
Q

describe Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Skin cancer, common but bengin.

85
Q

Where does basal cell carcinoma originate and where does it spread?

A

Stratum basale and does not spread

86
Q

Where does maligant melanoma originate?

A

Melanocytes

87
Q

What layer of skin is a tattoo on?

A

Dermal layer

88
Q

What are the 5 types pf touch receptors on the skin?

A

Free nerve endings
Tactile discs
Tactile corpuscles
Lamellar Corpuscules
Bulbous Corpuscles

89
Q

Where are free nerve endings found?

A

Distal ends of axons

90
Q

Describe the structure of a free nerve ending

A

Unmyelinated and small diameter (C-fibres), but some are small diameter myelinated (A delta)

91
Q

What kinds of stimuli do free nerve endings respond to?

A

Temperature
Painful
Movement and pressure
Itch
Hair follicules

92
Q

What kind of pathways do sensory terminals have?

A

Cation channels (TRP)
CHemical (H1 (GPCRs))
APs in afferent sensory axons in somatosensory cortex

93
Q

Where are Tactile (Merkel) discs located?

A

Free nerve ends in deepest layer of epidermis. They are abundant in fingertips and small receptive fields

94
Q

How does the Tactile disc function?

A

Communicates with epidermal (Merkel) cells and nerve endings via seratonin (5HT)

95
Q

What are Merkel discs sensitive to?

A

Touch and light pressure
Texture, shape, and edges
Low frequency vibration

96
Q

Where are Tactile (Meissner) Copuscles located?

A

Papillary layer of the dermis, particularly in hairless areas

97
Q

What is the structure of the Meissner Corpuscles?

A

Encapsulated,
Surrounded by Schwann cells and thin oval FCT capsule
Deformation of capsule causes Na ions to enter nerve terminal and cause an AP

98
Q

What can Meissner Corpuscles detect?

A

Fine or discriminative touch
Light pressure
Low frequency vibrations

99
Q

Where are the Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles found?

A

Deep in dermis and hypodermis

100
Q

Describe the structure of a Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Single seonsory axon terminal with concentric layers of collagen fibres and specialized fibroclasts. They are then separated by jelly-like interstitial fluid. They are isolated from most things

101
Q

Describe how a Pacinian Corpuscle functions

A

Deformation of capsule opens Na+ channels in the sensory axon causing an AP to propagate.
They are stimulated by deep pressure and also vibrations

102
Q

Where is a Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles located?

A

In the dermis and subcutaneous tissue

103
Q

Describe the structure of a Ruffini Corpuscle

A

Network of nerve endings intertwined within a core continuous with those of the surrounding dermis. Capsule

104
Q

What is the function of a Ruffini Corpuscle?

A

Sensitive to deep pressure and distortion of the skin, so is important for signalling heavy prolonged touch as well as proprioception.

105
Q

What is the function of arteries in the skin?

A

Constrict and decrease blood flow for temperature regulation

106
Q

What system controls the walls of the arteries an the pre-capillary sphincters?

A

SNS

107
Q

What hormone is a trigger for skin blood flow?

A

Noradrenaline acting on adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle in the skin

108
Q

Does reducing or increasing the activation of the alpha-1 receptors cause reduction in skin bloodflow?

A

Increase as it causes the arteries to constrict

109
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

Relaxation and contraction of the blood vessels

110
Q

What are the 4 primary mechanisms of heat transfer?

A

Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

111
Q

Describe radiation heat transfer

A

Any objects not at absolute 0 radiate heat to the environment

112
Q

Describe conduction heat transfer

A

When heat is lost to air and surfaces around you

113
Q

Describe the process of convection heat transfer

A

Wind taking away heat from around our body and replacing it with cool air

114
Q

What are the eccrine swear glands innervated by?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

115
Q

Which hormone are eccrine sweat glands activated by?

A

ACh

116
Q

What does the preoptic area of the hypothalamus do?

A

Detects temperature via central thermoreceptors

117
Q

What happens if the detected temperature is too high?

A

SNS activation causes vasodialation and cholinegergic activation of mAChR causes sweating.
Increase in respiratory rate

118
Q

What happens when the detected temperature is below the set point?

A

Shivering
Non-shivering thermogenesis (cellular metabolism - glycogenolysis)
Increase in Thyoxine which increases the basal metabolic rate

119
Q

What is the rule of 9s?

A

Head - 9
Upper limb (each) - 9
Trunk and back - 36
Lower limb - 18
Percentage of body coverage for burns victims

HUBS 192 EXAM (6 decks)

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