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HUBS 192 EXAM > Respiratory 14-19 > Flashcards

Respiratory 14-19 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key conditions for air?

A

Clean, warm, and moist.

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2
Q

What are the 4 things the respiratory system needs to be efficient?

A

Surface for gas exchange
Path for air to follow and reach surface in optimal condition
Ability to draw breath in and out
Sound production and olfaction.

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3
Q

What are the main components of the respiratory system (5)?

A

URT
LRT
Thoracic Cavity
Joints
Respiratory Muscles

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfaction

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the oral cavity?

A

Passage for food and air

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the conducting zone?

A

Nose to bronchioles, ensure that the air is in the right condition

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7
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

A

Bronchioles to alveoli, sites of gas exchange (true area of gas exchange)

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8
Q

What is the epithelium attached to in the respiratory system?

A

Lamina Propria

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9
Q

What is the respiratory tract lined with>

A

Mucosa

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10
Q

What kind of epithelia in the conducting zone?

A

Respiratory epithelium

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11
Q

What kind of epithelia is in the Oral cavity

A

Stratified squamous

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12
Q

What kind of epithelium is in the respiratory zone?

A

Simple squamous

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13
Q

What kind of epithelia is in the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory mucosa.

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14
Q

What is mucosa attached via?

A

The basement membrane, to the lamina propria

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15
Q

What is the submucosal layer and where is it located?

A

Connective tissue, may contain glands. Located below the mucosa layer.

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16
Q

What is the full name for respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (with goblet cells)

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17
Q

Where is the respiratory epithelium located?

A

Found in nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, larnyx, trachea, and bronchi.

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18
Q

Why is the Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, pseudo?

A

Because it is attached to the basement membrane.

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19
Q

What cells produce mucus?

A

Goblet cells

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20
Q

What is the purpose of mucus?

A

Trap debris, moisten air

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21
Q

What is the purpose of ciliated cells?

A

Pushes movement towards the pharynx, swallows and digested by the stomach acid.

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22
Q

Why does our nose run when we are sick?

A

Cilia stop beating in cold temperatures, it will then cause the mucus to dribble out of your nose

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23
Q

Why do we cough when are unwell?

A

When we are sick, the body produces more mucus, so we cough to help the cilia to move the mucus.

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24
Q

Why do smokers cough?

A

Cigarette smoke paralyses and destroys cilia, mucus accumulates and we cough to try and remove it.

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25
Q

What are the 3 components of the URT?

A

Nose and nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinuses
Pharynx

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26
Q

What are the 3 components of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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27
Q

What is the functions of the URT?

A

conducting passage
Prepares air for gas exchange
Speech
Olfaction

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28
Q

What is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses

A

Resonating chambers for speech

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29
Q

What is the structure of the nose?

A

Soft, flexible cartilages
Nostrils
Vestibules lined with skin

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the cartilages in the nose?

A

Maintain an unobstructed airway

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibule (passageway) within the nose?

A

Lined with skin
Has sebaceous and sweat glands, hair follicles
Vibrissae filter air

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32
Q

What is a vibrissae?

A

Hair

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33
Q

DEscribe the posterior and anterior structure of the nasal septum

A

Anterior is made of cartilage and posterior is made of bone

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34
Q

Where do the internal nares open into?

A

Nasal pharynx

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35
Q

What is the roof od the nasal cavity formed by?

A

Ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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36
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by?

A

Hard and soft palates

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37
Q

What is on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Conchae

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38
Q

What are the conchae?

A

3 projections that swirl and allow more time for the processes of warming, and olfactory detection as well as filtering via mucosa

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39
Q

What type of epithelia is the conchae covered in?

A

respiratory epithelium.

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40
Q

Where is the nasal epithelium located?

A

Nasal cavity

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41
Q

Describe the structure of nasal epithelium

A

Most respiratory epithelium but has specialised area of olfactory epithelium (contains smell receptors)

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42
Q

Describe the nasal mucosa

A

Sits on the lamina propria and the thin walled vascular plexus helps to warm incoming air

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43
Q

Where do nose bleeds originate from?

A

Damage to the nasal mucosa

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44
Q

What is a sinus?

A

Cavity within bone (normally air filled)

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45
Q

Where are the 4 paranasal sinuses found?

A

In the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

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46
Q

Where do the paranasal sinuses drain into?

A

Pharynx

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47
Q

What are the roles of the paransal sinuses? 4

A

Lighten skull, increase surface area, sound resonance

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48
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular funnel-shaped tube shared by the respiratory and digestive systems

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49
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharyx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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50
Q

What is the purpose of the nasopharynx?

A

Air passage only

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51
Q

What are the 4 parts of the nasopharyx?

A

Soft palate and ulvula
Auditory tubes
Pharyngeal tonsils

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52
Q

Where do the auditory tubes drain from and to?

A

From the middle ear to the nasopharynx

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53
Q

What is the purpose of the soft palate and the uvula?

A

Prevent food from entering the nasal cavity

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54
Q

What kind of mucosa is in the nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory mucosa

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55
Q

What is the purpose of the oropharynx?

A

Air and food can both pass

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56
Q

What 2 tonsils are located in the pharynx?

A

Palatine and lingual

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57
Q

What kind of epithelium is the in the orophayrnx?

A

Stratified squamous

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58
Q

What is the purpose of the laryngopharynx?

A

Air and food can pass

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59
Q

What epithelium type is in the laryngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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60
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx located?

A

Hyloid bone to the opening of the larynx

61
Q

What is the function of the LRT?

A

Conduct air into the respiratory zone and give it its optimal condition

62
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Barrier between air and blood

63
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Closes over airway when swallowing.

64
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage function?

A

Circular tube around the trachea

65
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Passage for air only

66
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

From the hyloid bone to the trachea, anterior to the esophagus

67
Q

What is the purpose of cartilage in the LRT?

A

Protect and maintain open ariway

68
Q

What is the glottis?

A

Voice box, folds attaches to the cartilages

69
Q

What are the true vocal cords and their functions?

A

Vocal folds, passing air causes vibrations

70
Q

What are the vestibular folds?

A

False vocal cords, they are superior to the vocal folds and they protect the vocal cords from things entering the glottis

71
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Anterior to the esophagus

72
Q

What is the funtion of the trachea?

A

Maintain patent airway, make air into optimal condition

73
Q

What kind of epithelium is in the trachea?

A

Respiratory epithelium

74
Q

Describe the cartilage in the tracea

A

C-shaped rings to allow the esophagus to expand

75
Q

What is the trachealis muscle used for?

A

Coughing

76
Q

True or false, there is lots of elastin in the lamina propria of the trachea?

A

True

77
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator used for?

A

Removes debris to the pharynx to be swallowed

78
Q

Describe how the mucociliary escalor works

A

Has mucus and cilia, the debris becomes trapped and the cilia beat against gravity.

79
Q

How many lobes on each of the lungs?

A

3 lobes on the right and 2 on the left

80
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs

81
Q

Describe the shape of the lungs (3)

A

The apex is the superior region
Costal surface is lateral against ribs
Base of the lung sits of the diaphragm

82
Q

What are the 6 main structures of the bronchial tree?

A

Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary (lobar)
Tertiary (segmental)
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles

83
Q

What is the structure of the primary bronchi?

A

Respiratory epithelium
Cartilage and smooth muscle rings (complete)

84
Q

What is the structure and function of the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Respiratory epithlium starts to decrease as does goblet cells
Cartilage plates

85
Q

What is the structure of the bronchioles?

A

Cuboidal epithelium
No cartilage (but thick smooth muscle)
1mm

86
Q

What is the function of the terminal bronchiole?

A

Each supply pulmonary lobule

87
Q

What is a pulmonary lobule?

A

Made of any alveoli sacs

88
Q

What epithlium are the alveolar walls made up of?

A

Simple squamous

89
Q

What is a pneumocyte?

A

Lung epithelial cell

90
Q

Describe type I pneumocyte

A

Squamous, they form the blood/air barrier of the capillary and share a basement membrane

91
Q

Describe type 2 pneumocyte

A

Cuboidal
LEss frequent, they secrete surfactant which helps to maintain surface tension of the alveoli

92
Q

Describe the structure of the blood/air barrier

A

Surfactant on the top, fused shared basement membrane

93
Q

What cells remove debris from the alveoli?

A

Macrophages

94
Q

Where is the visceral layer located?

A

On the organ

95
Q

Where is the parietal layer located?

A

Bidy wall

96
Q

What are the 2 parts of the thoracic cavity?

A

Pericardium
Pleura

97
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Covering of the lungs (split into the parietal and visseral layers)

98
Q

What is in the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity? 3

A

Heart
Vessels
Pericardium

99
Q

What is in the pleural cavities?

A

Lungs

100
Q

What is the purpose of having the lungs in 2 separate cavities?

A

So that if one stops functioning, you still have another

101
Q

What is ventilation driven by?

A

Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

102
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid?

A

Slippery surface for frictionless movement

103
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

The pressure of gas is inversely related to its volume - the bigger the volume, the lower the pressure of gas

104
Q

How does your rib cage forma pressure gradient?

A

Diaphragm drops and rib cage expands, increasing the volume and dropping the pressure

105
Q

Are lungs low or high compliance?

A

High

106
Q

What are the 2 opposing forces that need to be overcome to take a breath?

A

Stiffness of the lungs
Resistance of the airways

107
Q

How does the bronchial tree help to resistance to the lungs

A

Rings of smooth muscle which can contract and relax in a process called bronchodilation.

108
Q

How is the luminal radius related to the blood flow

A

Rule of 16, tiny changes in the lumen can mean huge changes to resistance and flow

109
Q

What is an obstructive airway disorder?

A

Resistance to airflow e.g. asthma

110
Q

What is a restrictive breathing disorder?

A

Reduced lung capacity e.g. insufficient surfactant release or fibrosis

111
Q

What does a spirometer measure?

A

Volume inspired and exhaled

112
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Volume of air moved in and out with normal breath

113
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Extra volume that can be inspired with maximal inhalation

114
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

Extra volume that can be exhaled with maximal effort

115
Q

What is residal volume?

A

Volume remaining in lungs after maximal exhalation

116
Q

What is minimal volume?

A

Volume remaining in lungs if they collapsed

117
Q

What is vital capacity? 3

A

Inspiratory, expiratory, and tidal.
Volume of air you can shift in and out of your lungs

118
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity and residual volume.
Total volume in lungs when you’ve filled them to the max

119
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve and tidal volume
Total volume of air you can inspire from rest

120
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve and residual volume

121
Q

How can we calculate the respiratory minute volume?

A

Tidal volume x respiratory rate

122
Q

What is dead space?

A

Some portion of every breath gets stuck in the airways

123
Q

How can we calculate alveolar ventilation?

A

(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

124
Q

Is alveolar ventilation proportional to respiraotry minute volume?

A

No, it is less

125
Q

What determines the rate of diffusion? 3

A

Surface area of the membranes
Thickness of the membranes
Pressure difference

126
Q

What creates a large surface area for gas exchange?

A

Alveoli and high density of capillaries

127
Q

what is emphysema?

A

Disease that dilates alveolar spaces and destroys the walls

128
Q

What is the blood air barrier comprised of?

A

Alveolar and capillary walls

129
Q

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Thickening and scarring of alveolar membranes

130
Q

What do alveolar oxygen levels depend on? 3

A

Atmospheric oxygen
Alveolar Ventilation
Blood oxygen levels

131
Q

How is oxygen carried in the blood? 2

A

Dissolved
Bound to haemoglobin

132
Q

Does oxygen dissolve poorly or well?

A

Poorly, particularly because blood is warm

133
Q

How many oxygen can one haemoglobin bind?

A

4

134
Q

What part of the haemoglobin binds to the oxygen?

A

Iron

135
Q

What shape is the haemoglobin binding curve?

A

Sigmoidal

136
Q

What reduces the affinity of oxygen?

A

Lower pH and higher temperature

137
Q

Does exercise increase or decrease oxygen affinity?

A

It tends to decrease it because it causes the pH to drop and temperature to rise in skeletal muscle

138
Q

What does oxygen affinity mean?

A

The ability for haemoglobin to hold onto oxygen

139
Q

What are the 3 ways that carbon dioxide can be transported in the body?

A

Dissolved in plasma
Bound to haemoglobin
Converted to bicarbonate

140
Q

How is bicarbonate formed in the blood>

A

Carbon dioxide and water combine to form carbonic acid which disassociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ion

141
Q

How do we keep O2 and Co2 within normal limits?

A

Ventilation

142
Q

Describe the feedback response of oxygen and carbon dioxide control

A

Sensors detect and send an afferent signal to the pons and medulla which send efferent signals to the effectors

143
Q

What are the 4 sensors of blood oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

Chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
Lung stretch receptors
Protective reflexes

144
Q

What is more important, CO2 or O2 receptors

A

CO2

145
Q

Can chemoreceptors override autonomous control of breathing?

A

Yes

146
Q

When the arterial blood pressure is detected to be low, what is the response?

A

Respiratory volume increases uptake of air

147
Q

What kind of signal triggers a sneeze or cough?

A

Efferent

148
Q

What is the relationship between lungs and stretch receptors?

A

When the lungs expand, they send afferent signals from the stretch receptors to prevent them from stretching too far

149
Q

What is the purpose of protective reflex receptors?

A

Detect irritation and sneeze

HUBS 192 EXAM (6 decks)

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