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HUBS 192 EXAM > Reproduction 34-38 > Flashcards

Reproduction 34-38 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of the pelvis?

A

Bony basin between the trubk and the lower limbs

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2
Q

What are the parts of the pelvis 6

A

Hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) + sacrum and coccyx

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3
Q

What part (outlet or inlet) of the pelvis is open?

A

Inlet

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4
Q

Which is larger, the pelvic inlet or outlet?

A

Inlet

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5
Q

What is the pelvis outlet closed by?

A

Muscles (pelvic floor)

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6
Q

What are the 2 pelvic subdivisions?

A

Fase/greater
True/lesser

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7
Q

What is the false/greater pelvis and what does it contain?

A

Superior region above pelvic inlet, it contains parts of the GI system

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8
Q

What is the true/lesser pelvis and what does it contain?

A

Inferior region between inlet and outlet that contains internal reproductive organs.

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9
Q

Where would you find the internal genitalia?

A

In the true/lesser pelvis

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10
Q

What are the structual differences between the male and female pelvises? 3

A

Females tend to have broader subpubic angle, whereas males are narrower.
Females have an oval inlet whereas males are heart shaped
Females have a straighter coccyx whereas males have a curved.

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11
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani
Coccygenus

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12
Q

What are the openings in the pelvis floor?

A

Urethra
Anal canal
vagina (females)

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13
Q

Describe the triangles of the genitalia 2

A

Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle

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14
Q

What is part of the urogenital triangle?

A

Urethral opening, external genitalia

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15
Q

What is part of the anal traiangle?

A

Anal canal and fat

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the male reproductive system? 2

A

Produce spermatozoa and transport it to the female reproductive tract

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17
Q

What is the male reproductive system made up of? 3

A

Testes
Reproductive tract/duct
Accessory structures and glands

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18
Q

What is the path that sperm travels along? 5

A

Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

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19
Q

What are the 3 parts that the urethra travels through in males?

A

Prostate
Membranous
Spongy/penile

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20
Q

What is the spermatic cord part of?

A

Ductus deferens

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21
Q

What do the testes produce? 3

A

Sperm, testosterone, inhibin

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22
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Scrotum, outside of the body

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23
Q

What are the testes surrounded by?

A

DF capsule, tunica albuginea

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24
Q

What do the lobules of the testes contain?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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25
What do the tubules in the testes form 3?
Rete testis, which join to form efferent dutiles and eventually the epididymus
26
What do the interstitial endocrine cells produce?
Testosterone
27
What do the nurse cells produce?
Inhibin
28
What are the spenatogenic cells?
Spermatogonia and spermatozoa
29
What is the purpose of the epididymis?
It is the site of sperm maturation, where the sperm gain motility
30
How long is the tubule within the epididymus?
7m
31
Where does tht ductus deferns start?
Spermatic cord
32
What kind of muscle is the ductus deferens covered in?
Smooth
33
What is the dialation of the ductus deferens called?
Ampulla
34
What canal does the ductus deferens run through?
Inguinal canal
35
What are the ejactulatory ducts formed by?
Union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla
36
What do the ejaculatory ducts open into?
Opens into the prostatic urethra.
37
What are the 2 funtions of the male urethra?
Urination and ejaculation
38
Describe the epithelium changes of the male urethra?
Transitional columnar to stratified squamous
39
What are the 2 sphincters of the male urethra?
Internal and external
40
describe the external sphincter of the male urethra
Skeletal muscle - under volunatary control
41
What is the muscle makes up the male internal urethral sphincter and what is its purpose?
Detrusor Closes bladder to ensure retrograde ejaculation (sperm ending up in the bladder) does not occur
42
What is located on the scrotum3
Testes 2 Epididymides 2 Spermatic cords 2
43
What is the temperature that the scrotum is maintained at?
34 degrees
44
What is the muscle that lines the scrotum and what is its purpose?
Dartos muscle, makes th skin wrinkle when it contracts and therefore decreases the skin available for heat loss
45
What is the purpose of the cremaster muscle?
Covers the spermatic cord and the testes, and brings the testes closer to the body when cold
46
Where is the spermatic cord located?
Between the abdomen and the testis
47
What does the spermatic cord contain? 4
Ductus deferens Blood vessels (arteries and veins) Nerves Lymphatics
48
What part of the spermatic cord is responsible for maintaining temperature?
Venous plexus and the testicular arteries
49
What are the 2 functions of the penis?
Urination and copulation
50
What are the 3 parts of the penis
Root (bulb) Body Glans (covered by the prepuce/foreskin)
51
What side of the penis is known as the ventral side?
The side that you can see when the penis is erect
52
What is the mobile part of the penis?
Body
53
How many columns of erectile tissue are there in the penis?
3
54
What are the names of the 2 erectile tissues?
2 corpus cavernosum 1 corpus spongiosum
55
What is th structure of the corpus cavernosum?
Main erectile tissue Dorsal aspect
56
What is the structure of the corpus spongiosum?
Contains the urethra Forms bulb and glans Ventral aspect
57
What part of the erectile tissue contains lots of lacunae and what is the purpose of this?
Corpus cavernosum to allow the penis to become erect
58
Why does the corpus spongiosum have less lacunae?
Because the urethra needs to remain open
59
What are the 2 muscles in the testes that are associated with temperature regulation?
Dartos and cremaster muscles
60
What is the fluid that the spermatozoa is transported in?
Seminal fluid (semen)
61
What is the purpose of seminal fluid? 3
Protect against the acid environments of the male urethra and the female vagina. Provide the spermatozoa with energy Motility
62
What are the 3 accessory glands that produce seminal fluid?
Seminal vesciles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands
63
Where are the seminal vesicles located?
Posterior to the bladder and lateral to the ampulla
64
What gland makes the majority of semen?
Seminal vesicles - 60%
65
What does the seminal fluid contain?
Alkaline pH that protects sperm against acidic environment
66
Where is the prostate gland located?
Inferior to the bladder Wraps around the prostatic urethra
67
What is the makeup of the semen produced in the prostate gland?
Slightly acidic, milky Contains PSA Contributes to sperm activation, viability, and motility
68
Where are the bulbourethral glands located?
Urogenital diaphragm, and open into the spongy/penile urethra
69
What % of semen is produced in the bulbourethral glands?
55
70
What is the purpose of the semen from the bulbourethral glands
Lubricate and neutralise acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation
71
What part of the male reproductive system is cut during a vasectomy?
Ductus deferens
72
What is spermatogeneis?
Process in which spermatogonia is transformed to mature spermatozoa
73
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Seminiferous tubules
74
How many spermatozoa are produced per day?
100 million
75
Describe spermatogenesis 1
Spermatogonia divide via mitosis, where one stays in the basement membrane as a stem cell and the other goes through spermatogenesis 2
76
Do spermatozoa go through meiosis or mitosis?
Both
77
What happens during spermatogenesis 3?
Second spermatogonia (type B), differentiates into a diploid cell known as a primary spermatocyte. It then undergoes meiosis I resulting in 2 secondary spermatocytes
78
How many chromosomes does a secondary spermatocyte have?
Haploid, 23
79
Describe what happens during spermatogenesis
Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form spermatids (haploid). They they differentiate to form spermatozoa via spermiogenesis and are relased
80
What happens during spermiogenesis
Spermatids differtiate into spermatozoa and form a head, body, and a tail
81
What is the acrosome?
Head that sits over the nucleus of the sperm, a bag of enzymes that helps to penetrate the uterus.
82
True or false, the sperm has a lot of excess organelles
False, all excess organelles are removed during spermiogenesis.
83
What are the 3 main reproductive hormones (males and females)
GnRg LH FSH
84
What is the GnRH
Gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, which is released into the anterior pituitary
85
What is LH?
Luteinizing hormone (gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary
86
What is FSH?
Follicle stimulating hormone (gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary
87
What is testosterone and its role in the body?
Type of androgen, responsible for male characteristics
88
Descibe the negative feedbakc loop of male hormones?
Inhibin surpresses FSH Testosterone suppresses LH and GnRH
89
Describe the pathways and stimulation of male hormones in the body?
Lh stimulates the production of testosterone FSH and testosterone control spermatogenesis FSh stimulates inhibin production
90
How many sperm are produced from one primary spermocyte?
4
91
What are the functions of the female reproductive system? 4
Produce oocytes Transport ova and spermatozoa to the appropriate place for fertilisation Provide a site for developing embryo Delivery of fetus
92
What is the female urogenital triangle?
external genitalia (vulva)
93
What are the 4 parts of the vulva?
Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Vestibule
94
What is the Mons pubis?
Layer of fat in front of the pubic symphasis
95
What is the female vestibule?
Space between the labia majora and minora that is associated with the vagina
96
Where are the vestibular glands located?
Deep to the labia
97
What is the purpose of the vestibular glands?
Lubricate the vaginal orifice
98
Where is the labia minora located?
Spreads around the vagina and urethral openings
99
What is the skin that covers the clitoris called?
Prepuce
100
What is the purpose of the clitoris?
Erectile organ
101
What are the 4 parts of the clitoris?
Glans, body, crura (2), bulbs (2)
102
What is the clitorsis developmentally homologous to?
The penis
103
What part of the clitoris is similar to the corpus cavernosa?
The Crura
104
What part of the clitoris is on the surface and fills with blood during arousal?
The bulb
105
Does the urethra pass through the clitoris?
No
106
What are the 5 parts of the female reproductive tract?
Ovary Uterine tubes Uterus Cerfix Vagina
107
In what orientation does the uterus sit?
Antiflex
108
What are the 3 parts of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus
109
What is the longest region of the uterine tube?
Ampulla
110
What is the most lateral part of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum
111
Where is the isthmus located compared to the uterine tube?
Medially
112
Describe the infundibulum
Funnel shaped with finger like projections called fimbriae
113
DEscribe the ampulla of the female reproductive tract
Dialtated area where fertilisation occurs
114
Describe the isthmus
narrow passage of the uterine tube
115
What are the 3 functions of the uterus?
Spermatozoa transport Site where fetus will develop Cyclic process on a 28 day cycle
116
What are the 2 parts of the uterus?
Body (includes the fundus) Cervix
117
What is the fornix?
Opening into the vagina from the cervix
118
What is the lining of the uterus called?
Endometrium
119
What are the 3 layers of the uterus from outside?
Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium
120
What is the perimetrium made up of?
Connective tissue
121
What is the myometrium made up of?
Smooth muscle, largest layer and is important for contractions.
122
What is the endometrium made up of?
Columnar epithelium, uterine glands, arteries
123
What is the purpose of the cervical canal?
Passage between the uterine cavity and the vagina
124
What is the purpose of the cervical canal? 2
Produce cervical mucus Regulate sperm transport
125
What part of the cervix produces the cervical mucus?
Epithelial cells in the wall of the cervical canal
126
What are the two parts of the fornix?
Anterior and posterior
127
What is the vagina?
Fibromuscular female copulatory organ Also functions as a birth canal
128
Where is the vagina located?
between the bladder and the rectum, and extends from the perineum to the cervix
129
What are the folds in the vagina called?
Rugae
130
What is the blood supply of the ovaries?
Ovarian arteries
131
What are the ovarian arteries transported by?
Suspensory ligament?
132
Where does the blood supply to the uterus come from?
Uterine artery
133
Where does the uterine artery branch from?
Internal iliac artery
134
What are the types of arteries in the uterus and where do they branch from?
Arcuate arteries into the endometrium as radial arteries which can either be straight or spiral
135
When are the arteries of the uterus remodelled?
During the formation of the placenta
136
What do the straight arteries of the uterus feed?
Basal layer
137
What do the spiral arteries of the uterus feed?
Functional layer, main source of menstrual blood loss
138
What is the blood supply of the vagina and where does it branch from?
Vaginal artery, from the internal iliac arteries.
139
Where are the ovaries located?
Lateral and posterior to the uterus in the lateral portion of the true pelvic cavity
140
What is the outer cortex of the ovary made of?
Follicules
141
What is the inner medulla of the ovary made up of?
connective tissue, blood/lymphatics, nerves
142
What is the purpose of the ovary?
Site of oogenesis and hormone production
143
Where do the oocytes develop?
Within follicules
144
What hormone is produced in the ovary?
Oestradiol
145
What organ makes progesterone?
Ovaries
146
Draw an ovary
LECTURE 36
147
Draw the lifespan of the folliculeq
LECTURE 36
148
What are the 4 main ligamens of the female reproductive system?
Broad Ovaerian Suspernsory Round
149
What are the ligaments formed via the folds of the peritoneum?
MEsometrium Mesosalpinx Mesovarium
150
What is the purpose of the suspensory ligament?
Lateral surface through the lateral abdominal wall, the abdominal artery goes through here
151
What is the broad ligament?
Continuation of the peritineoum, carries over the uterine tubes
152
Where are the round ligamens from?
Anterior surface of the uterus
153
What is the location of the mesometrium?
Lateral to the uterus
154
What is the location of the mesosalpinx?
Under the fallopian tube
155
What is the location of the mesovarium>
tucked beside the ovary
156
What is the fold of broad ligament over the anterior (bladder side)
Vesticouterine pouch
157
What is the fold of the broad ligament over the posterior (rectum) called?
Rectouterine pouch
158
What is the function of the breasts?
Nourish infants
159
Where are the breasts located?
Lie on the pectoralis major muscle
160
What stimulates the development of breast tissue?
Estradiol and progesterone
161
WHat are the breasts made up of?
Ligaments, lobes, adipose
162
What causes the development of breasts during puberty?
Estradiol
163
Describe the pathway that the secretions of the breasts take
Lobes, lobules, alveoli, lacteriferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses and finally nipple pores
164
Does oogenesis require mitosis or meiosis>
Both
165
Where do oocyttes develop?
Cortex region of the ovarian follicule
166
Describe what happens to an oocyte as it is developing? first part
Mitosis occurs during foetal development, producing 2 daughter cells, meiosis I begins but stops at prophase I
167
Describe what happens to an egg before it is ovulated
It completes meiosis I, making a primary oocyte and 1st polar body. Secondary oocyte is released during metaphase of meiosis II
168
What happens to the polar bodies of the oocytes?
They undergo atresia (cell death)
169
When does Meiosis II resume in the production of oocytes?
when the sperm penetrate the plsma membrane of the ovum (fertilisation)
170
What are oogenesis folliclers mulitlayered by? 2
Granulosa Cells Theca Cells
171
What is the corona radiata?
Layer of granulosa cells around the oocyte released during ovulation
172
What do granulosa cells produce?
Estradiol
173
What is ovulation?
Whe the oocyte and the corona radiata are released into the peritoneal cavity.
174
What female reproductive hormone foes the hypothalamus produce?
GnRH
175
Where are FSH and Lh prduced/
Anterior pituitary gland
176
Where is estradiol produced?
Ovarian follicles
177
What 2 hormones does the corupus lutem produce?
Inhibin and progesterone
178
What is the purpose of FSH?
Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles
179
What is the purposeof LH?
Surge of LH causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus lutem
180
What is the purpose of estradiol?
Assist in follicle growth, bone, and muscle growth, endometrial growth, and feedback to the anterior pituitaryt
181
What hormone causes female secondary sex characteristics
Estradiol
182
What is the purpose of inhibin?
Ngeative feedback to the anterior pituitary to suppress FSH
183
What is the prupose of progesterone?
Negatively feeds back to suppress GnRH (LH and FSH); endometrial maturation, maintains pregnant state
184
What is menarche causd by?
Increase in estrogen production by the gonads
185
What is menopause caused by?
Reduction of estrdiol and progesterone due to lack of response from the follicles, resulting in high FSH/LH due to no negative feedback
186
What is the site of fertilisation
Ampulla
187
What are the 4 stages of the male sexual act?
Erection of the penis Mucus secretion into the urethra Ejaculation Resolution
188
What are the 2 phases of ejacuation?
Emission Expulsion
189
What is the bulbospongiosus?
Bulbocavernosa muscle, covers the bulb of the penis
190
What are the erectile tissues surrounded by?
Fascia
191
What are the corpus spongiosum and caversona surrouned by?
Tunica albuginea
192
The pressure on what attains and sustains erection?
Pressure against the fascia
193
What are the lacunae in the penis surrounded by?
Trabeculae
194
What structure of what female organ shares developmental origins with the penis?
Clitoris
195
What artery does the gonadal artery branch off of?
Abdominal aorta
196
Describe the pathway to the internal pudendal artery? 3
Abdominal aorta Common ilicac Internal iliac Internal pudendal
197
What does the internal pudenal artery feed?
Male perineum and external genitalia (penis)
198
What are the arterial branches of the penis? 4
Artery to bulb Urethral artery Dorsal artery Deep (cavernosal artery)
199
What are the sensory fibres of the penis enriched by?
Touch, pressure, temperature
200
What nerve is involved in the sensory and somatic innervation to the penis
Pudendal nerve which stems from the dorsal nerve
201
Where does the autonomic (parasympthetic and sympathetic) innervation of the penis derive from?
pelvic plexus
202
What is the parasympathetc part of the male sexual act?
erection
203
Is ejacuation sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
204
describe the parasympathetic part of the male sexual act
Erection Stimulated by nitric oxide in the deep arteries of the penis, causing them to dialate and fill the lacunae of the CC
205
Describe the sympathetic part of the male sexual act
Ejacuation Stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle as well as the use of the reproductive ducts and accessory glands
206
Describe the somatic motor part of the male sexual act
Stimulation to contract the skeletal muscles around the bulb of the penis
207
What is intromission?
When the erect penis is inserted into the vagina
208
Smooth muscle of what contracts to move sperm into the ampulla?
Ductus deferns (peristaltic contractions)
209
What smooth muscle of what moves sperm and seminal fluid into the urethra? 3
Ampulla, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland?
210
What does the prepuce of the penis produce and what is its function?
Smegma, for the lubrication of the foreskin
211
What muscles cause expulsion?
Contractions of the urethral smooth muscle and the pelvic floor
212
What is engorged in the female during arousal?
Clitoris, labia, and vagina
213
describe the structuralchnages of the female anatomy that occur with arousal
Increased length anf width of the vagina Uterus elevated upwards
214
Where is the lubricating fluid (female) released from and where does it go?
Vaginal wall to the vestibule
215
What muscles contract during female arousal? 3
Vaginal, uterine, and perineal
216
How long does zygote cleavage take?
7-10 days, as it travels towards the uterus for implantation
217
What are the artificial methods of preventing pregnancy? 4
Barrier methods Intrauterine devices Hormonal contraceptives Sterilisation
218
What type of contraception are caps/diphragms and how do they work?
Barrier Used with jellies, creams, sponges (due to imperfection) Need to remain inside at least 6 hours after intercourse
219
What type of contraception are condoms?
Barrier methods
220
How does a copper IUD work?
Causes low grade inflammation Reduced sperm transport Toxic (to sperm and oocyte) Impairs implantation
221
What are 3 mechanisms of action of steroidal contraceptives
Deliver a progestin w/w/o estrogen Suppress ovulation by affecting the feedback loops Affect mucus produced by the cervix
222
What is a progestin?
An artificial hormone that acts like progesterone
223
What is the method of combined oral contraceptive pills?
Contains estrogen and progestin and suppress ovulation and affect cervical mucus
224
What is the method of progesterone only pill?
Low does of progestin Effects on cervical mucus
225
What is the method of the subdermal implant?
Long acing, distrupts follicular growth and ovulation (progesterone)
226
What is the method of the hormonal IUD?
Contains progestins Affects cervical mucus Local affects of endometrium (thins wall) May prevent ovulation
227
What are the 2 types of sterilisation?
Tubal ligation Vasectomy
228
What is tubal ligation (salpingectomy)
Cutting or cauterising to remove uterine tubes
229
What is a vasectomy?
Cutting of the ductus deferens

HUBS 192 EXAM (6 decks)

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