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HUBS 192 EXAM > Reproduction 34-38 > Flashcards

Reproduction 34-38 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of the pelvis?

A

Bony basin between the trubk and the lower limbs

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2
Q

What are the parts of the pelvis 6

A

Hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) + sacrum and coccyx

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3
Q

What part (outlet or inlet) of the pelvis is open?

A

Inlet

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4
Q

Which is larger, the pelvic inlet or outlet?

A

Inlet

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5
Q

What is the pelvis outlet closed by?

A

Muscles (pelvic floor)

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6
Q

What are the 2 pelvic subdivisions?

A

Fase/greater
True/lesser

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7
Q

What is the false/greater pelvis and what does it contain?

A

Superior region above pelvic inlet, it contains parts of the GI system

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8
Q

What is the true/lesser pelvis and what does it contain?

A

Inferior region between inlet and outlet that contains internal reproductive organs.

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9
Q

Where would you find the internal genitalia?

A

In the true/lesser pelvis

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10
Q

What are the structual differences between the male and female pelvises? 3

A

Females tend to have broader subpubic angle, whereas males are narrower.
Females have an oval inlet whereas males are heart shaped
Females have a straighter coccyx whereas males have a curved.

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11
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani
Coccygenus

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12
Q

What are the openings in the pelvis floor?

A

Urethra
Anal canal
vagina (females)

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13
Q

Describe the triangles of the genitalia 2

A

Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle

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14
Q

What is part of the urogenital triangle?

A

Urethral opening, external genitalia

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15
Q

What is part of the anal traiangle?

A

Anal canal and fat

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the male reproductive system? 2

A

Produce spermatozoa and transport it to the female reproductive tract

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17
Q

What is the male reproductive system made up of? 3

A

Testes
Reproductive tract/duct
Accessory structures and glands

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18
Q

What is the path that sperm travels along? 5

A

Testes
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

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19
Q

What are the 3 parts that the urethra travels through in males?

A

Prostate
Membranous
Spongy/penile

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20
Q

What is the spermatic cord part of?

A

Ductus deferens

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21
Q

What do the testes produce? 3

A

Sperm, testosterone, inhibin

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22
Q

Where are the testes located?

A

Scrotum, outside of the body

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23
Q

What are the testes surrounded by?

A

DF capsule, tunica albuginea

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24
Q

What do the lobules of the testes contain?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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25
Q

What do the tubules in the testes form 3?

A

Rete testis, which join to form efferent dutiles and eventually the epididymus

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26
Q

What do the interstitial endocrine cells produce?

A

Testosterone

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27
Q

What do the nurse cells produce?

A

Inhibin

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28
Q

What are the spenatogenic cells?

A

Spermatogonia and spermatozoa

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the epididymis?

A

It is the site of sperm maturation, where the sperm gain motility

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30
Q

How long is the tubule within the epididymus?

A

7m

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31
Q

Where does tht ductus deferns start?

A

Spermatic cord

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32
Q

What kind of muscle is the ductus deferens covered in?

A

Smooth

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33
Q

What is the dialation of the ductus deferens called?

A

Ampulla

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34
Q

What canal does the ductus deferens run through?

A

Inguinal canal

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35
Q

What are the ejactulatory ducts formed by?

A

Union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla

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36
Q

What do the ejaculatory ducts open into?

A

Opens into the prostatic urethra.

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37
Q

What are the 2 funtions of the male urethra?

A

Urination and ejaculation

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38
Q

Describe the epithelium changes of the male urethra?

A

Transitional columnar to stratified squamous

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39
Q

What are the 2 sphincters of the male urethra?

A

Internal and external

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40
Q

describe the external sphincter of the male urethra

A

Skeletal muscle - under volunatary control

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41
Q

What is the muscle makes up the male internal urethral sphincter and what is its purpose?

A

Detrusor
Closes bladder to ensure retrograde ejaculation (sperm ending up in the bladder) does not occur

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42
Q

What is located on the scrotum3

A

Testes 2
Epididymides 2
Spermatic cords 2

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43
Q

What is the temperature that the scrotum is maintained at?

A

34 degrees

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44
Q

What is the muscle that lines the scrotum and what is its purpose?

A

Dartos muscle, makes th skin wrinkle when it contracts and therefore decreases the skin available for heat loss

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45
Q

What is the purpose of the cremaster muscle?

A

Covers the spermatic cord and the testes, and brings the testes closer to the body when cold

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46
Q

Where is the spermatic cord located?

A

Between the abdomen and the testis

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47
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain? 4

A

Ductus deferens
Blood vessels (arteries and veins)
Nerves
Lymphatics

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48
Q

What part of the spermatic cord is responsible for maintaining temperature?

A

Venous plexus and the testicular arteries

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49
Q

What are the 2 functions of the penis?

A

Urination and copulation

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50
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis

A

Root (bulb)
Body
Glans (covered by the prepuce/foreskin)

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51
Q

What side of the penis is known as the ventral side?

A

The side that you can see when the penis is erect

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52
Q

What is the mobile part of the penis?

A

Body

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53
Q

How many columns of erectile tissue are there in the penis?

A

3

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54
Q

What are the names of the 2 erectile tissues?

A

2 corpus cavernosum
1 corpus spongiosum

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55
Q

What is th structure of the corpus cavernosum?

A

Main erectile tissue
Dorsal aspect

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56
Q

What is the structure of the corpus spongiosum?

A

Contains the urethra
Forms bulb and glans
Ventral aspect

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57
Q

What part of the erectile tissue contains lots of lacunae and what is the purpose of this?

A

Corpus cavernosum to allow the penis to become erect

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58
Q

Why does the corpus spongiosum have less lacunae?

A

Because the urethra needs to remain open

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59
Q

What are the 2 muscles in the testes that are associated with temperature regulation?

A

Dartos and cremaster muscles

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60
Q

What is the fluid that the spermatozoa is transported in?

A

Seminal fluid (semen)

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61
Q

What is the purpose of seminal fluid? 3

A

Protect against the acid environments of the male urethra and the female vagina.
Provide the spermatozoa with energy
Motility

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62
Q

What are the 3 accessory glands that produce seminal fluid?

A

Seminal vesciles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

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63
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

A

Posterior to the bladder and lateral to the ampulla

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64
Q

What gland makes the majority of semen?

A

Seminal vesicles - 60%

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65
Q

What does the seminal fluid contain?

A

Alkaline pH that protects sperm against acidic environment

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66
Q

Where is the prostate gland located?

A

Inferior to the bladder
Wraps around the prostatic urethra

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67
Q

What is the makeup of the semen produced in the prostate gland?

A

Slightly acidic, milky
Contains PSA
Contributes to sperm activation, viability, and motility

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68
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A

Urogenital diaphragm, and open into the spongy/penile urethra

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69
Q

What % of semen is produced in the bulbourethral glands?

A

55

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70
Q

What is the purpose of the semen from the bulbourethral glands

A

Lubricate and neutralise acidity in urethra prior to ejaculation

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71
Q

What part of the male reproductive system is cut during a vasectomy?

A

Ductus deferens

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72
Q

What is spermatogeneis?

A

Process in which spermatogonia is transformed to mature spermatozoa

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73
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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74
Q

How many spermatozoa are produced per day?

A

100 million

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75
Q

Describe spermatogenesis 1

A

Spermatogonia divide via mitosis, where one stays in the basement membrane as a stem cell and the other goes through spermatogenesis 2

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76
Q

Do spermatozoa go through meiosis or mitosis?

A

Both

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77
Q

What happens during spermatogenesis 3?

A

Second spermatogonia (type B), differentiates into a diploid cell known as a primary spermatocyte. It then undergoes meiosis I resulting in 2 secondary spermatocytes

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78
Q

How many chromosomes does a secondary spermatocyte have?

A

Haploid, 23

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79
Q

Describe what happens during spermatogenesis

A

Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to form spermatids (haploid). They they differentiate to form spermatozoa via spermiogenesis and are relased

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80
Q

What happens during spermiogenesis

A

Spermatids differtiate into spermatozoa and form a head, body, and a tail

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81
Q

What is the acrosome?

A

Head that sits over the nucleus of the sperm, a bag of enzymes that helps to penetrate the uterus.

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82
Q

True or false, the sperm has a lot of excess organelles

A

False, all excess organelles are removed during spermiogenesis.

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83
Q

What are the 3 main reproductive hormones (males and females)

A

GnRg
LH
FSH

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84
Q

What is the GnRH

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, which is released into the anterior pituitary

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85
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinizing hormone (gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary

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86
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (gonadotropin) produced by the anterior pituitary

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87
Q

What is testosterone and its role in the body?

A

Type of androgen, responsible for male characteristics

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88
Q

Descibe the negative feedbakc loop of male hormones?

A

Inhibin surpresses FSH
Testosterone suppresses LH and GnRH

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89
Q

Describe the pathways and stimulation of male hormones in the body?

A

Lh stimulates the production of testosterone
FSH and testosterone control spermatogenesis
FSh stimulates inhibin production

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90
Q

How many sperm are produced from one primary spermocyte?

A

4

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91
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system? 4

A

Produce oocytes
Transport ova and spermatozoa to the appropriate place for fertilisation
Provide a site for developing embryo
Delivery of fetus

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92
Q

What is the female urogenital triangle?

A

external genitalia (vulva)

93
Q

What are the 4 parts of the vulva?

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Vestibule

94
Q

What is the Mons pubis?

A

Layer of fat in front of the pubic symphasis

95
Q

What is the female vestibule?

A

Space between the labia majora and minora that is associated with the vagina

96
Q

Where are the vestibular glands located?

A

Deep to the labia

97
Q

What is the purpose of the vestibular glands?

A

Lubricate the vaginal orifice

98
Q

Where is the labia minora located?

A

Spreads around the vagina and urethral openings

99
Q

What is the skin that covers the clitoris called?

A

Prepuce

100
Q

What is the purpose of the clitoris?

A

Erectile organ

101
Q

What are the 4 parts of the clitoris?

A

Glans, body, crura (2), bulbs (2)

102
Q

What is the clitorsis developmentally homologous to?

A

The penis

103
Q

What part of the clitoris is similar to the corpus cavernosa?

A

The Crura

104
Q

What part of the clitoris is on the surface and fills with blood during arousal?

A

The bulb

105
Q

Does the urethra pass through the clitoris?

A

No

106
Q

What are the 5 parts of the female reproductive tract?

A

Ovary
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Cerfix
Vagina

107
Q

In what orientation does the uterus sit?

A

Antiflex

108
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uterine tube?

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

109
Q

What is the longest region of the uterine tube?

A

Ampulla

110
Q

What is the most lateral part of the uterine tube?

A

Infundibulum

111
Q

Where is the isthmus located compared to the uterine tube?

A

Medially

112
Q

Describe the infundibulum

A

Funnel shaped with finger like projections called fimbriae

113
Q

DEscribe the ampulla of the female reproductive tract

A

Dialtated area where fertilisation occurs

114
Q

Describe the isthmus

A

narrow passage of the uterine tube

115
Q

What are the 3 functions of the uterus?

A

Spermatozoa transport
Site where fetus will develop
Cyclic process on a 28 day cycle

116
Q

What are the 2 parts of the uterus?

A

Body (includes the fundus)
Cervix

117
Q

What is the fornix?

A

Opening into the vagina from the cervix

118
Q

What is the lining of the uterus called?

A

Endometrium

119
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus from outside?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

120
Q

What is the perimetrium made up of?

A

Connective tissue

121
Q

What is the myometrium made up of?

A

Smooth muscle, largest layer and is important for contractions.

122
Q

What is the endometrium made up of?

A

Columnar epithelium, uterine glands, arteries

123
Q

What is the purpose of the cervical canal?

A

Passage between the uterine cavity and the vagina

124
Q

What is the purpose of the cervical canal? 2

A

Produce cervical mucus
Regulate sperm transport

125
Q

What part of the cervix produces the cervical mucus?

A

Epithelial cells in the wall of the cervical canal

126
Q

What are the two parts of the fornix?

A

Anterior and posterior

127
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Fibromuscular female copulatory organ
Also functions as a birth canal

128
Q

Where is the vagina located?

A

between the bladder and the rectum, and extends from the perineum to the cervix

129
Q

What are the folds in the vagina called?

A

Rugae

130
Q

What is the blood supply of the ovaries?

A

Ovarian arteries

131
Q

What are the ovarian arteries transported by?

A

Suspensory ligament?

132
Q

Where does the blood supply to the uterus come from?

A

Uterine artery

133
Q

Where does the uterine artery branch from?

A

Internal iliac artery

134
Q

What are the types of arteries in the uterus and where do they branch from?

A

Arcuate arteries into the endometrium as radial arteries which can either be straight or spiral

135
Q

When are the arteries of the uterus remodelled?

A

During the formation of the placenta

136
Q

What do the straight arteries of the uterus feed?

A

Basal layer

137
Q

What do the spiral arteries of the uterus feed?

A

Functional layer, main source of menstrual blood loss

138
Q

What is the blood supply of the vagina and where does it branch from?

A

Vaginal artery, from the internal iliac arteries.

139
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

Lateral and posterior to the uterus in the lateral portion of the true pelvic cavity

140
Q

What is the outer cortex of the ovary made of?

A

Follicules

141
Q

What is the inner medulla of the ovary made up of?

A

connective tissue, blood/lymphatics, nerves

142
Q

What is the purpose of the ovary?

A

Site of oogenesis and hormone production

143
Q

Where do the oocytes develop?

A

Within follicules

144
Q

What hormone is produced in the ovary?

A

Oestradiol

145
Q

What organ makes progesterone?

A

Ovaries

146
Q

Draw an ovary

A

LECTURE 36

147
Q

Draw the lifespan of the folliculeq

A

LECTURE 36

148
Q

What are the 4 main ligamens of the female reproductive system?

A

Broad
Ovaerian
Suspernsory
Round

149
Q

What are the ligaments formed via the folds of the peritoneum?

A

MEsometrium
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium

150
Q

What is the purpose of the suspensory ligament?

A

Lateral surface through the lateral abdominal wall, the abdominal artery goes through here

151
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

Continuation of the peritineoum, carries over the uterine tubes

152
Q

Where are the round ligamens from?

A

Anterior surface of the uterus

153
Q

What is the location of the mesometrium?

A

Lateral to the uterus

154
Q

What is the location of the mesosalpinx?

A

Under the fallopian tube

155
Q

What is the location of the mesovarium>

A

tucked beside the ovary

156
Q

What is the fold of broad ligament over the anterior (bladder side)

A

Vesticouterine pouch

157
Q

What is the fold of the broad ligament over the posterior (rectum) called?

A

Rectouterine pouch

158
Q

What is the function of the breasts?

A

Nourish infants

159
Q

Where are the breasts located?

A

Lie on the pectoralis major muscle

160
Q

What stimulates the development of breast tissue?

A

Estradiol and progesterone

161
Q

WHat are the breasts made up of?

A

Ligaments, lobes, adipose

162
Q

What causes the development of breasts during puberty?

A

Estradiol

163
Q

Describe the pathway that the secretions of the breasts take

A

Lobes, lobules, alveoli, lacteriferous ducts, lactiferous sinuses and finally nipple pores

164
Q

Does oogenesis require mitosis or meiosis>

A

Both

165
Q

Where do oocyttes develop?

A

Cortex region of the ovarian follicule

166
Q

Describe what happens to an oocyte as it is developing? first part

A

Mitosis occurs during foetal development, producing 2 daughter cells, meiosis I begins but stops at prophase I

167
Q

Describe what happens to an egg before it is ovulated

A

It completes meiosis I, making a primary oocyte and 1st polar body. Secondary oocyte is released during metaphase of meiosis II

168
Q

What happens to the polar bodies of the oocytes?

A

They undergo atresia (cell death)

169
Q

When does Meiosis II resume in the production of oocytes?

A

when the sperm penetrate the plsma membrane of the ovum (fertilisation)

170
Q

What are oogenesis folliclers mulitlayered by? 2

A

Granulosa Cells
Theca Cells

171
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

Layer of granulosa cells around the oocyte released during ovulation

172
Q

What do granulosa cells produce?

A

Estradiol

173
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Whe the oocyte and the corona radiata are released into the peritoneal cavity.

174
Q

What female reproductive hormone foes the hypothalamus produce?

A

GnRH

175
Q

Where are FSH and Lh prduced/

A

Anterior pituitary gland

176
Q

Where is estradiol produced?

A

Ovarian follicles

177
Q

What 2 hormones does the corupus lutem produce?

A

Inhibin and progesterone

178
Q

What is the purpose of FSH?

A

Stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles

179
Q

What is the purposeof LH?

A

Surge of LH causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus lutem

180
Q

What is the purpose of estradiol?

A

Assist in follicle growth, bone, and muscle growth, endometrial growth, and feedback to the anterior pituitaryt

181
Q

What hormone causes female secondary sex characteristics

A

Estradiol

182
Q

What is the purpose of inhibin?

A

Ngeative feedback to the anterior pituitary to suppress FSH

183
Q

What is the prupose of progesterone?

A

Negatively feeds back to suppress GnRH (LH and FSH); endometrial maturation, maintains pregnant state

184
Q

What is menarche causd by?

A

Increase in estrogen production by the gonads

185
Q

What is menopause caused by?

A

Reduction of estrdiol and progesterone due to lack of response from the follicles, resulting in high FSH/LH due to no negative feedback

186
Q

What is the site of fertilisation

A

Ampulla

187
Q

What are the 4 stages of the male sexual act?

A

Erection of the penis
Mucus secretion into the urethra
Ejaculation
Resolution

188
Q

What are the 2 phases of ejacuation?

A

Emission
Expulsion

189
Q

What is the bulbospongiosus?

A

Bulbocavernosa muscle, covers the bulb of the penis

190
Q

What are the erectile tissues surrounded by?

A

Fascia

191
Q

What are the corpus spongiosum and caversona surrouned by?

A

Tunica albuginea

192
Q

The pressure on what attains and sustains erection?

A

Pressure against the fascia

193
Q

What are the lacunae in the penis surrounded by?

A

Trabeculae

194
Q

What structure of what female organ shares developmental origins with the penis?

A

Clitoris

195
Q

What artery does the gonadal artery branch off of?

A

Abdominal aorta

196
Q

Describe the pathway to the internal pudendal artery? 3

A

Abdominal aorta
Common ilicac
Internal iliac
Internal pudendal

197
Q

What does the internal pudenal artery feed?

A

Male perineum and external genitalia (penis)

198
Q

What are the arterial branches of the penis? 4

A

Artery to bulb
Urethral artery
Dorsal artery
Deep (cavernosal artery)

199
Q

What are the sensory fibres of the penis enriched by?

A

Touch, pressure, temperature

200
Q

What nerve is involved in the sensory and somatic innervation to the penis

A

Pudendal nerve which stems from the dorsal nerve

201
Q

Where does the autonomic (parasympthetic and sympathetic) innervation of the penis derive from?

A

pelvic plexus

202
Q

What is the parasympathetc part of the male sexual act?

A

erection

203
Q

Is ejacuation sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

204
Q

describe the parasympathetic part of the male sexual act

A

Erection
Stimulated by nitric oxide in the deep arteries of the penis, causing them to dialate and fill the lacunae of the CC

205
Q

Describe the sympathetic part of the male sexual act

A

Ejacuation
Stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle as well as the use of the reproductive ducts and accessory glands

206
Q

Describe the somatic motor part of the male sexual act

A

Stimulation to contract the skeletal muscles around the bulb of the penis

207
Q

What is intromission?

A

When the erect penis is inserted into the vagina

208
Q

Smooth muscle of what contracts to move sperm into the ampulla?

A

Ductus deferns (peristaltic contractions)

209
Q

What smooth muscle of what moves sperm and seminal fluid into the urethra? 3

A

Ampulla, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland?

210
Q

What does the prepuce of the penis produce and what is its function?

A

Smegma, for the lubrication of the foreskin

211
Q

What muscles cause expulsion?

A

Contractions of the urethral smooth muscle and the pelvic floor

212
Q

What is engorged in the female during arousal?

A

Clitoris, labia, and vagina

213
Q

describe the structuralchnages of the female anatomy that occur with arousal

A

Increased length anf width of the vagina
Uterus elevated upwards

214
Q

Where is the lubricating fluid (female) released from and where does it go?

A

Vaginal wall to the vestibule

215
Q

What muscles contract during female arousal? 3

A

Vaginal, uterine, and perineal

216
Q

How long does zygote cleavage take?

A

7-10 days, as it travels towards the uterus for implantation

217
Q

What are the artificial methods of preventing pregnancy? 4

A

Barrier methods
Intrauterine devices
Hormonal contraceptives
Sterilisation

218
Q

What type of contraception are caps/diphragms and how do they work?

A

Barrier
Used with jellies, creams, sponges (due to imperfection)
Need to remain inside at least 6 hours after intercourse

219
Q

What type of contraception are condoms?

A

Barrier methods

220
Q

How does a copper IUD work?

A

Causes low grade inflammation
Reduced sperm transport
Toxic (to sperm and oocyte)
Impairs implantation

221
Q

What are 3 mechanisms of action of steroidal contraceptives

A

Deliver a progestin w/w/o estrogen
Suppress ovulation by affecting the feedback loops
Affect mucus produced by the cervix

222
Q

What is a progestin?

A

An artificial hormone that acts like progesterone

223
Q

What is the method of combined oral contraceptive pills?

A

Contains estrogen and progestin and suppress ovulation and affect cervical mucus

224
Q

What is the method of progesterone only pill?

A

Low does of progestin
Effects on cervical mucus

225
Q

What is the method of the subdermal implant?

A

Long acing, distrupts follicular growth and ovulation (progesterone)

226
Q

What is the method of the hormonal IUD?

A

Contains progestins
Affects cervical mucus
Local affects of endometrium (thins wall)
May prevent ovulation

227
Q

What are the 2 types of sterilisation?

A

Tubal ligation
Vasectomy

228
Q

What is tubal ligation (salpingectomy)

A

Cutting or cauterising to remove uterine tubes

229
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

Cutting of the ductus deferens

HUBS 192 EXAM (6 decks)

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