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HUBS 192 EXAM > Renal 28-33 > Flashcards

Renal 28-33 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ratio of extracellular to intracellular fluid?

A

1/3 extra
2/3 intra

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2
Q

How do we maintain balance in the urinary system? 4

A

filtering blood and expelling excess water, salt, wastes of metabolism, toxins and drugs

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3
Q

True or false, the pH of urine is highly regulated

A

False

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4
Q

What are 3 things that are abnormal to find in urine

A

Large proteins
RBC
Glucose

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5
Q

What are the 4 things required for an effective urinary system?

A

DElivery system for blood
Selective filtration system
Filtrate recovery mechanism
System to return filtered fluid to the body

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6
Q

What are the 4 main components of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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7
Q

What are the 4 functions related to the structure of the kidney?

A

Blood can be brought within close proximity of the nephron
Blood that has been filtered can leave the kidney
A pathway for urine to be removed from the kidney
Protection

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8
Q

What structure is on the medial surface of the kidneys?

A

Hilum which is where the renal blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and ureter enter the kidneys

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9
Q

What are the kidneys surrounded and supported by?

A

Fat

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10
Q

Are the kidneys covered by peritoneum?

A

Yes, but only on the anterior wall

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11
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidney?

A

Cortex, medulla, and pelvis

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12
Q

Describe the basic structure of the inner medulla

A

Divided into pyramids, and each pyramid ends in a papilla

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13
Q

Describe the basic structure of the outer cortex?

A

Continuous layers, renal columns

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14
Q

Describes a kidney lobe?

A

One medullary pyramid and the cortex that surrounds it, it is made up of npehrons.

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15
Q

Where does the urine collect when it drains from the papilla?

A

Calyx

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16
Q

What do calcyes join to form?

A

Renal pelvis

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17
Q

Where in the kidney does the filtration occur?

A

Cortex of the kidney

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18
Q

Where does the renal artery arise from?

A

Abdominal aorta

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19
Q

What vessel delivers blood from the arteries to the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

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20
Q

What is the glomerulus made of?

A

Glomerular capillaries

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21
Q

What vessel carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

A

Efferent arterioles

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22
Q

Describe the flow of blood into the cortex 4

A

Renal artery
Series of arteies
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerular capillary

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23
Q

Describe the blood supply away from the cortex after being filtered 6

A

Glomerular capillary
Peritubular capillaries
Series of veins
Renal vein
inferior vena cava

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24
Q

What is the plexus of autonomic nerves in the kidneys called?

A

Renal plexus

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25
Q

How many nephrons are there in the kidney?

A

1 million

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26
Q

What is the role of the nephron?

A

Filter, they are responsible for urine formation

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27
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons

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28
Q

What nephron is predominant?

A

Cortical

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29
Q

What is the structure of the juxtamedullary nephron?

A

Extend deep into the medulla and are important for the formation of concentrated urine

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30
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the nephron?

A

Selectively filter blood
Return blood to be kept
Carry waste away for storage and expulsion

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31
Q

What are the 3 main structures in the nephron?

A

Glomerular capsule
Renal tubules (PCT, nephron loop, DCT)
Collecting duct

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32
Q

What are the 2 structures that nephrons are associated with?

A

Glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

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33
Q

Describe the structure of the glomerular capillaries

A

Thin walled layer of fenestrated endothelial cells, fed and drained by the arterioles, blood pressure is regulated

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34
Q

What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?

A

Receives filtered blood from the glomerulus via efferent arterioles and reabsorbed filtrate from the nephron.

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35
Q

Where are the peritubular capillaries located?

A

Wrapped around the renal tubules

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36
Q

What are vasa recta?

A

Extensions that follow nephron loops in the medulla

37
Q

Where are vasa recta found?

A

Only in juxtamedullary nephrons

38
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule, this is where the capillary and nephron meet

39
Q

What are the 2 layers of the Glomerular Capsule and what are they made of?

A

Outer parietal layer (simple squamous)
Inner visceral (podocytes)

40
Q

What is located between the inner and outer layers of the glomerular capsule?

A

Capsular space which recieves filtrate

41
Q

What is the location of podocytes?

A

Wrap around the glomerular capillaries

42
Q

What are pedicels?

A

Intertwining foot branches of the podocytes, filtration slits formed between them

43
Q

What is the purpose of the podocytes?

A

When blood is filtered, it passes through the slits into the capsular space

44
Q

What is the filtration barrier?

A

Blood urine barrier between blood and capsular space that allows the free passage of water and small molecules and restricts proteins

45
Q

What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier?

A

Fenestrated epithelium of the glomerular caoillary
Fused basement membrane
Filtration slits between pedicels

46
Q

Where does the bulk reabsoption occur?

A

Proximal covulted tubule

47
Q

What is the stucture of the PCT?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells
Dense brush border
High folded membrane
Many mitochondira
Leaky tight juctnions

48
Q

Where is the nephron loop located?

A

Loops in the medulla

49
Q

What is the nephron loop surrouned by?

A

Vasa Recta (only juxtamedullary)

50
Q

What is the structure of the DCT

A

Cuboidal epithelium, but thinner than the PCT
No brush border
few mitochondira

51
Q

What is the purpose of the DCT?

A

Fine tuning, reabsorption of influenced hormones

52
Q

What infleucnes the collecting duct to collect hormones?

A

Hormones

53
Q

What is the purpose of the collecting duct?

A

Collect filtrate from several DCT for fine tuning

54
Q

What is the struvcture of a collecting duct?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

55
Q

What is the endocrine functions of the kidney?

A

Production of EPO, which stimulates the bone marrow make more RBC

56
Q

What is a metabolic process of the kidney?

A

Gloconeogenisis (when kidneys make glucose from lactate)

57
Q

How is the pH of the blood controlled? 2

A

Lungs (exhalation of carbon dioxide)
Kidneys (Reabsorption and secretion of bicarbonate and H+)

58
Q

Describe the exceretion of medications in the kidney 2

A

Lidocane can be extreted after metabolism due to its lipophilic nature
Aspirin can be excreted directly due to its hydrophilic quality

59
Q

Describe the fluid composition of the body

A

1/3 ECF
2/3 ICF
1/5 Plasma (ECF)
4/5 Interstitual Fluid (ECF)

60
Q

WHat is hyposmotic?

A

Hyper hydration, decrease in ECF

61
Q

What is hyperosmotic?

A

Decrease in water
Increase in ECF

62
Q

Where does fluid enter first when it enters your body and what is the process?

A

ECF first, if hypo/hyper, water will move to balance. If iso, it will not move

63
Q

Where does filtration mainly occur in the nephron?

A

Renal corpuscle/glomerulus

64
Q

What is the equation for the amount of substance secreted in urine?

A

Amount filtered + amount secreted - amount reabsorbed

65
Q

What drives glomerular filtration? 3

A

Filtration barrier
Renal blood flow
Driving forces

66
Q

Why is there a high amount of blood flow to the kidneys?

A

High flow for filtration, not metabolism

67
Q

What are the 4 forces in glomerular filtration?

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
Capsular colloid osmotic pressure

68
Q

Describe glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

Blood pressure (50), push fluid away

69
Q

Describe blood colloud osmotic pressure

A

Albumin (-25), pulls fluid towards

70
Q

DEscribe the capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure in the filtrate (-15), pushes

71
Q

Describe the capsular colloid osmotic pressure

A

No protein in capsular space (typically) so )

72
Q

What is the net filtration pressure

A

10mmHg towards filtration

73
Q

What fraction of renal blood flow is cardiac output?

A

20%

74
Q

How much plasma and cells is filtered (%)

A

55% plasma
45% cells

75
Q

How much plasma is filtered per minute?

A

Equal to the glomerular filtration rate

76
Q

How do we calculate what the proportion/percentage of the kidney’s plasma flow is filtered?

A

Filtration fraction

77
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

Renal plasma flow x filtration fraction

78
Q

Is the GFR consistent?

A

Within each person it is tightly regulated but it varies person to person and declines from 30

79
Q

How much substance in the plasma is filtered per minute?

A

Renal filtered load

80
Q

Can albumin be filtered?

A

No

81
Q

How do we measure the amount of substance handled by the kidneys?

A

Renal clearance (how much plasma is cleared of substance per minute)

82
Q

Describe the clearnace of creatinine and inulin

A

20% is filtered with plasma and the rest will stay in the blood vessels and exit via the efferent arteriole. None will be reabsorbed therefore the clearance of creatinine is the same as the filtration rate

83
Q

Describe the renal clearance of medications (PAH)

A

20% is absorbed with plasma, and then all PAH remaining in the blood vessels will then be secreted into the nephron

84
Q

What is the clearance of PAH equal to?

A

Volume of plasma flowing through the kidneys per minute

85
Q

Describe the clearnace of glucose

A

20% is filtered with the plasma and then all is reabsorbed back into the blood vessels

86
Q

How much glucose is excreted in a normal functioning body?

A

None

87
Q

Describe the clearance of sodium

A

20% is filtered with the plasma, some is then reabsorbed and a minimal amount is excreted in urine

88
Q

What can clearance be used to do? 3

A

Quantify how a substance is handled by the kidneys
Estimate GFR
Estimate RPF

89
Q

How can we estimate GFR and RPF?

A

Indication of kidney function, measure the renal clearance of creatinine in the body

HUBS 192 EXAM (6 decks)

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