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HUBS 192 EXAM > Renal 28-33 > Flashcards

Renal 28-33 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ratio of extracellular to intracellular fluid?

A

1/3 extra
2/3 intra

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2
Q

How do we maintain balance in the urinary system? 4

A

filtering blood and expelling excess water, salt, wastes of metabolism, toxins and drugs

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3
Q

True or false, the pH of urine is highly regulated

A

False

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4
Q

What are 3 things that are abnormal to find in urine

A

Large proteins
RBC
Glucose

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5
Q

What are the 4 things required for an effective urinary system?

A

DElivery system for blood
Selective filtration system
Filtrate recovery mechanism
System to return filtered fluid to the body

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6
Q

What are the 4 main components of the urinary system?

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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7
Q

What are the 4 functions related to the structure of the kidney?

A

Blood can be brought within close proximity of the nephron
Blood that has been filtered can leave the kidney
A pathway for urine to be removed from the kidney
Protection

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8
Q

What structure is on the medial surface of the kidneys?

A

Hilum which is where the renal blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and ureter enter the kidneys

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9
Q

What are the kidneys surrounded and supported by?

A

Fat

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10
Q

Are the kidneys covered by peritoneum?

A

Yes, but only on the anterior wall

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11
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidney?

A

Cortex, medulla, and pelvis

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12
Q

Describe the basic structure of the inner medulla

A

Divided into pyramids, and each pyramid ends in a papilla

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13
Q

Describe the basic structure of the outer cortex?

A

Continuous layers, renal columns

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14
Q

Describes a kidney lobe?

A

One medullary pyramid and the cortex that surrounds it, it is made up of npehrons.

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15
Q

Where does the urine collect when it drains from the papilla?

A

Calyx

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16
Q

What do calcyes join to form?

A

Renal pelvis

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17
Q

Where in the kidney does the filtration occur?

A

Cortex of the kidney

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18
Q

Where does the renal artery arise from?

A

Abdominal aorta

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19
Q

What vessel delivers blood from the arteries to the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

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20
Q

What is the glomerulus made of?

A

Glomerular capillaries

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21
Q

What vessel carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

A

Efferent arterioles

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22
Q

Describe the flow of blood into the cortex 4

A

Renal artery
Series of arteies
Afferent Arteriole
Glomerular capillary

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23
Q

Describe the blood supply away from the cortex after being filtered 6

A

Glomerular capillary
Peritubular capillaries
Series of veins
Renal vein
inferior vena cava

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24
Q

What is the plexus of autonomic nerves in the kidneys called?

A

Renal plexus

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25
How many nephrons are there in the kidney?
1 million
26
What is the role of the nephron?
Filter, they are responsible for urine formation
27
What are the 2 types of nephrons?
Cortical nephrons Juxtamedullary nephrons
28
What nephron is predominant?
Cortical
29
What is the structure of the juxtamedullary nephron?
Extend deep into the medulla and are important for the formation of concentrated urine
30
What are the 3 main functions of the nephron?
Selectively filter blood Return blood to be kept Carry waste away for storage and expulsion
31
What are the 3 main structures in the nephron?
Glomerular capsule Renal tubules (PCT, nephron loop, DCT) Collecting duct
32
What are the 2 structures that nephrons are associated with?
Glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
33
Describe the structure of the glomerular capillaries
Thin walled layer of fenestrated endothelial cells, fed and drained by the arterioles, blood pressure is regulated
34
What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?
Receives filtered blood from the glomerulus via efferent arterioles and reabsorbed filtrate from the nephron.
35
Where are the peritubular capillaries located?
Wrapped around the renal tubules
36
What are vasa recta?
Extensions that follow nephron loops in the medulla
37
Where are vasa recta found?
Only in juxtamedullary nephrons
38
What is the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule, this is where the capillary and nephron meet
39
What are the 2 layers of the Glomerular Capsule and what are they made of?
Outer parietal layer (simple squamous) Inner visceral (podocytes)
40
What is located between the inner and outer layers of the glomerular capsule?
Capsular space which recieves filtrate
41
What is the location of podocytes?
Wrap around the glomerular capillaries
42
What are pedicels?
Intertwining foot branches of the podocytes, filtration slits formed between them
43
What is the purpose of the podocytes?
When blood is filtered, it passes through the slits into the capsular space
44
What is the filtration barrier?
Blood urine barrier between blood and capsular space that allows the free passage of water and small molecules and restricts proteins
45
What are the 3 layers of the filtration barrier?
Fenestrated epithelium of the glomerular caoillary Fused basement membrane Filtration slits between pedicels
46
Where does the bulk reabsoption occur?
Proximal covulted tubule
47
What is the stucture of the PCT?
Cuboidal epithelial cells Dense brush border High folded membrane Many mitochondira Leaky tight juctnions
48
Where is the nephron loop located?
Loops in the medulla
49
What is the nephron loop surrouned by?
Vasa Recta (only juxtamedullary)
50
What is the structure of the DCT
Cuboidal epithelium, but thinner than the PCT No brush border few mitochondira
51
What is the purpose of the DCT?
Fine tuning, reabsorption of influenced hormones
52
What infleucnes the collecting duct to collect hormones?
Hormones
53
What is the purpose of the collecting duct?
Collect filtrate from several DCT for fine tuning
54
What is the struvcture of a collecting duct?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
55
What is the endocrine functions of the kidney?
Production of EPO, which stimulates the bone marrow make more RBC
56
What is a metabolic process of the kidney?
Gloconeogenisis (when kidneys make glucose from lactate)
57
How is the pH of the blood controlled? 2
Lungs (exhalation of carbon dioxide) Kidneys (Reabsorption and secretion of bicarbonate and H+)
58
Describe the exceretion of medications in the kidney 2
Lidocane can be extreted after metabolism due to its lipophilic nature Aspirin can be excreted directly due to its hydrophilic quality
59
Describe the fluid composition of the body
1/3 ECF 2/3 ICF 1/5 Plasma (ECF) 4/5 Interstitual Fluid (ECF)
60
WHat is hyposmotic?
Hyper hydration, decrease in ECF
61
What is hyperosmotic?
Decrease in water Increase in ECF
62
Where does fluid enter first when it enters your body and what is the process?
ECF first, if hypo/hyper, water will move to balance. If iso, it will not move
63
Where does filtration mainly occur in the nephron?
Renal corpuscle/glomerulus
64
What is the equation for the amount of substance secreted in urine?
Amount filtered + amount secreted - amount reabsorbed
65
What drives glomerular filtration? 3
Filtration barrier Renal blood flow Driving forces
66
Why is there a high amount of blood flow to the kidneys?
High flow for filtration, not metabolism
67
What are the 4 forces in glomerular filtration?
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure Blood colloid osmotic pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure Capsular colloid osmotic pressure
68
Describe glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Blood pressure (50), push fluid away
69
Describe blood colloud osmotic pressure
Albumin (-25), pulls fluid towards
70
DEscribe the capsular hydrostatic pressure
Pressure in the filtrate (-15), pushes
71
Describe the capsular colloid osmotic pressure
No protein in capsular space (typically) so )
72
What is the net filtration pressure
10mmHg towards filtration
73
What fraction of renal blood flow is cardiac output?
20%
74
How much plasma and cells is filtered (%)
55% plasma 45% cells
75
How much plasma is filtered per minute?
Equal to the glomerular filtration rate
76
How do we calculate what the proportion/percentage of the kidney's plasma flow is filtered?
Filtration fraction
77
What is the glomerular filtration rate?
Renal plasma flow x filtration fraction
78
Is the GFR consistent?
Within each person it is tightly regulated but it varies person to person and declines from 30
79
How much substance in the plasma is filtered per minute?
Renal filtered load
80
Can albumin be filtered?
No
81
How do we measure the amount of substance handled by the kidneys?
Renal clearance (how much plasma is cleared of substance per minute)
82
Describe the clearnace of creatinine and inulin
20% is filtered with plasma and the rest will stay in the blood vessels and exit via the efferent arteriole. None will be reabsorbed therefore the clearance of creatinine is the same as the filtration rate
83
Describe the renal clearance of medications (PAH)
20% is absorbed with plasma, and then all PAH remaining in the blood vessels will then be secreted into the nephron
84
What is the clearance of PAH equal to?
Volume of plasma flowing through the kidneys per minute
85
Describe the clearnace of glucose
20% is filtered with the plasma and then all is reabsorbed back into the blood vessels
86
How much glucose is excreted in a normal functioning body?
None
87
Describe the clearance of sodium
20% is filtered with the plasma, some is then reabsorbed and a minimal amount is excreted in urine
88
What can clearance be used to do? 3
Quantify how a substance is handled by the kidneys Estimate GFR Estimate RPF
89
How can we estimate GFR and RPF?
Indication of kidney function, measure the renal clearance of creatinine in the body

HUBS 192 EXAM (6 decks)

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