Skill Acquisition and Biomechanics Flashcards
Skill
The ability to be able to do something well
Gross Motor Skills
Involve the recruitment of large muscles group with less emphasis on precision
Fine Motor Skills
Involve the recruitment of smaller muscles group involved with movements requiring precision
Discrete Motor Skills
Have an obvious beginning and end
Serial Motor Skills
The conmbination of multiple discrete skills
Continuous Motor Skills
No definite beginning or end point
Closed Motor Skills
Those which the performer has the greatest control over the environment
Open Motor Skills
Motor skill performed in a less predictable envrionment
Stability Skills
Involve balance and control of the body
Locomotor Skills
Enable us to run and walk through spaces
Manipulative Skills
Involces control of an object
Cognitive Stage
Performer is mentally trying to comprehend the movement requirements of the skill
Associative Stage
The performer is beginning to
refine their technique/ movement pattern. They are more consistent and make fewer errors.
Autonomous Stage
The skill is largely automatic; the performer no longer consciously thinks about the skill
Distributed Practice
Involves shorter but more frequent training session
Massed Practice
Involves less frequent training sessions for longer periods of time
Blocked Practice
Involves practising the same skill continuously without changing to a different task
Random Practice
Is the varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same
training session
Transfer of Practice
Practice that closely resembles the game will result in a greater transfer of skills from training to game.
Intrinsic Feedback
Is when performers use their own senses to assess performance,
including visual, auditory, proprioception and touch
Augmented/External Feedback
Feedback that comes from a coach. Feedback during an activity is called concurrent feedback
Knowledge of results
Refers to specific feedback about the outcome of the task, as opposed to
feedback relating to performance characteristics
Knowledge of performance
Relates to the characteristics of performing a task, as opposed to
the specific outcome of the task
External Feedback 3 purposes
1 fixing errors as a result of either knowledge of results or knowledge of performance
2 motivation through feedback that shows progress
3 reinforcement through positive feedback (e.g. ‘You’ve got the ball toss right’).
Motor Skilss
Any activity involved with moving the body to achieve a specific goal
Fundamental Motor Skills
Movement patterns that involve different body parts. They are the foundational movements to more sport specifc skills
Sports Specific Skills
Utilise a range of fundamental movement skills in a sequence
Part Practice
Breaking the skill into smaller sub-routines and practicing them individually
Whole Practice
Practicing the entire skill as an entire skill
Feedback
Feedback is the information that an athlete receives about the task that they have performed and it can have a critical effect on the skill development
Direct based approaches
Style of coaching you might be most familiar with. No matter the ability of the athlete there is a time and place for direct based approaches to coaching.
Constraints based approaches
Using boundaries or placing restrictions on the learner in order to shape the athletes self-organising movement patterns and decision making processes.
Force
A push or a pull
Affects of force
- Change the shape of the object
-Move the object
Friction
When 2 surfaces come together opposing the motion of an object
Air and water resistance
When an object travels through water or air it will experience drag force, opposing direction of object and slowing it down
Gravitational Forxe
Force of attraction between two bodies of objects
Mass
The amount of matter an object is made up of
Weight
The force that is exerted on the body by gravity
Weight= Mass x Gravity
Inertia
The tendency for a body to resist change in its state of motion (rest or moving)
Momentum
The amount of motion an object has and its resistance to changing that motion
Momentum= mass x velocity
Conservation of momentum
Total momentum of the system before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision
Summation of momentum
By coordinating all body parts involved in the movement you are able to generate maximum velocity
Impulse
Equal to change in momentum of object
Impulse= force x time
Newtons first law of motion
Law of inertia: A body will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force
Newtons second law of motion
Law of acceleration: A force applied to an object will produce a change in motion in the direction of the applied force that is directly proportional to the size of the force
Newtons third law of motion
Law of action reaction: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Torque
A measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis
Torque =force x lever arm
Newtons first law of angular motion
The angular momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque
Newtons second law of angular motion
A torque applies to an object will produce a change in angular motion in the direction of the applied torque that is directly proportional to the size of the torque and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the object
Newtons third law of angular momentum
For every torque there is an equal and opposite torque
Moment of inertia
Moment of inertia= mass x radius
Motion
Nearly all human motions is called general motion a combination of linear and angular motion
Liner motion
Movement of a body along a straight or curved path where all body parts move in the same direction at the same speed
Distance
Measures from start to finish regardless of direction
Displacement
Change of position
Speed
Speed= distance/time
Velocity
Velocity= displacement/time
Linear acceleration
Change in velocity in a given time period
Acceleration= change in velocity/ change in time
Angular motion
Involves rotation around a central axis or fixed point
Lever arm
distance from axis of rotation to the line of force
Angular distance
Sum of all the angular changes the body undergoes
Angular displacement
Difference between the initial and final angular position of an object
Angular speed
=angular distance covered/ time taken to complete the motion
Angular velocity
Rate of change of the angular displacement of a body over time
Liner velocity
=radius of rotation x angular velocity
Angular acceleration
The rate of change of angular velocity, how quickly a body changes its angular position measured in degrees per second
Projectile motion
Object or body that is launched into air and affected only by the forces of gravity and air resistance
Equilibrium
When there are no unbalanced forces or torques acting on body or object
Static equilibrium
When body or object is not moving or roating
Dynamic equilibrium
When body or object is moving with a constant velocity (no change in speed or direction)
Stability
The resistance to the disruption of equilibrium
Balance
The ability to control equilibrium
Factors affecting stability
-Base of support
-Centre of gravity
-Body mass
-Friction between body and the surfaces contacted
Base of support
Larger the base of support = greater the stability
Centre of gravity
The point around which the body or object is balanced, generally found close to the belly button
Line of gravity
The direction in which gravity acts is called the line of gravity
Ways to enhance equilibrium
- Increase base of support
- Ensuring line of gravity falls within the base of support
- Lowering the centre of gravity
- Increasing body mass
- Increasing friction between body and surface
-Extending base of support in direction of oncoming force
-Shifting line of gravity towards oncoming force
Levers
Machines consisting of a rigid bar that can be made to rotate around an axis in order to extend a force on another object
First class lever
The resistance and the force are on either side of the axis
Second class lever
The resistance is between the force and the axis
Third class lever
The force is between the resistance and the axis (most common type of lever)
Mechanical advantage
= force/ resistance arm
-Mechanical advantage>1 : less effort to move a resistance
-Mechanical advantage<1 : Increase range of motion, increase angular speed
