Skill Acquisition Flashcards
What is transfer of learning
The effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another
Positive transfer learning
When the learning of one skill helps the learning of another
Negative transfer
When the learning of one skill hinder the learning of another
Zero transfer
When the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
Bilateral transfer
When the learning of one skill is passed across the body from limb to limb
What is massed practice
Advantages / disadvantages
No rest intervals
Adva:
Promotes fitness
Skill becomes automatic
Increase motor programmes
Time efficient
Disadvantages:
Fatigue
Negative transfer
Player needs to be motivated
What is distributed practice
With intervals
When skill is
continuous
Complex
Low organised, can break it down
Serial
Externally paced
Advantages/dis of distributed practice
Allows recovery
Less mental pressure
Allows mental rehearsal / feedback
Reduces danger
Dis:
Time consuming
Negative transfer
What is varied practice
Changing the skills and drills, changing the type of practice
When skill is:
Complex open
Externally paced
Advantages/ dis of varied practise
Gives motivation
Allows adaption
Builds a schema
Dis:
Time consuming
Possibility of negative transfer
Fatigue
Too demanding
What is mental practice
Go over it in the mind without movement
When skill is:
Serial, complex
Advantages / dis of using mental practise
Improves reaction time
Builds motor programmes
Builds confidence
Controles anxiety
Disadvantages:
Must be correct
Enviroment must be calm
What are the stages of learning
Cognitive, associative and autonomous
What is the cognitive learning stage
No motor programme, uncoordinated movement
Mental image created/Mental rehearsal is required
• Demonstrations are necessary
• Many mistakes are made/
Movements are jerky and lack
coordination
• Learning by trial and error
• Full attention is required on
learning and performing the skill
• Motor programmes have not yet
formed
What is associative learning
Motor programme forming, smoother movement
Mental rehearsal is still required but you have a mental image of the skill in your head.
Movements are smoother and there are fewer mistakes
Longer stage of learning and some performers never progress out of this stage,
demonstrations are still needed developing so the performer can begin to focus on the finer aspects of the skill
Autonomous learning stage
Motor programmes formed, automatic control, detail
Mental rehearsal and practice are required to stay at this level.
Movements are fluent efficient
Skills are executed automatically without conscious thought - few to no mistakes
The performer focuses on detail, tactics and advanced strategies.
Motor programmes are fully formed
What is the features insight learning (Gestalt)
1.) preparation - Can’t solve the problem initially, data gathering
2.) Incubation - problem put on hold, problem worked on unconsciously
3.) Insight - Suddenly there is a mental representation of solution
4.) Verification - solution checked
Advantages to insight learning
The learner learns new skills through experiencing the whole task
- Part learning is not effective
- Kinaesthesis and the flow of the task are maintained
- There is a greater understanding of the skill as the athlete has to use their own cognitive processes to solve the problem – this means there is a greater understanding and therefore retention of the skill. Implications for coaches – pose questions to the athlete don’t just tell them what to do.
- They use their insight and adapt to sporting situations.
- Allows the athlete to be creative and develop their own strategies and tactics.
What is insight learning - social
This is the learning or problem solving that happens all of a sudden through understanding the relationships of various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error
What is operant conditioning skinner
This is also known as trial and error learning, it shapes behaviour and the environment is manipulated to promote a certain behaviour. And behaviour is shaped by reinforcement .
Operant conditioning based on Skinner’s work is the use of reinforcement to ensure the correct responses are repeated.
Characterised by 3 principles
Trial and error learning
The coach might manipulate the environment
Behaviour shaped by reinforcement S-R bond
