Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level PE revision (Y1) > Skill Acquisition > Flashcards

Skill Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

Using CEMPOD identify the six skill continua

A

Continuity, Environmental, Muscular Involvement, Pacing, Organisation, Difficulty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Skill Continuum Descriptions

-Muscular Involvement (gross and fine)

A

Gross- Involves large muscle movements and large muscle groups. There are major body movement skills e.g rugby tackle
Fine- Involves small muscle movements and small muscle groups. There are small bodily movements e.g. a snooker shot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skill Continuum Descriptions

-Environment (open and closed)

A

Open- The environment is changing and others affect the skill. It is often externally paced. Movements will require adjustments e.g. netball pass
Closed- Not affected by the environment. The skill is stable and predictable. Often internally/ self-paced e.g. taking a penalty in football

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Skill Continuum Descriptions

-Continuity (discrete, serial, continuous)

A

Discrete- Skill has a definite beginning and end. Usually brief in nature (a single skill). If skill is repeated, you have to start from the beginning e.g. kicking a football
Serial- A number of discrete skills put together to make a sequence or series. The order in which the district elements are in is important. Each movement is both a stimulus and a response e.g. bowling in cricket
Continuous- No clear beginning or end of skill. Activity continues for an unspecified time. Usually performed for a longer period of time e.g. swimming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Skill Continuum Descriptions

-Pacing (self and external)

A

Self-paced- A performer decides when to perform or start the skill. The performer decides the rate at which the skill is performed. There are more closed skills e.g. javelin throw
Externally-paced- Performance of the action is determined by external sources. It involves the performer in reaction. There are more open skills e.g. a game/pass in football

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Skill Continuum Descriptions

-Difficulty (simple and complex)

A

Simple- Little information or stimuli to process. There are very few decisions and subroutines. There is time to use feedback e.g a pass in netball
Complex- Large amounts of information to process and there is less time to use feedback. There are many subroutines to perform in the correct order at the correct time. The skill can become affected by the environment. e.g. a somersault or floor routine in gymnastics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is ability?

A
  • The possession of talent, skill or proficiency in a particular area
  • E.g. The ability to keep a badminton game going without much practice prior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is skill?

A
  • Skill is an organised, co-ordinated activity in relation to an object or situation which involves a whole chain of sensory, central and motor mechanisms
  • E.g. A tennis serve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Types and methods of practice

-Part practice

A
  • Practice by splitting or breaking down skills into subroutines or sections
  • E.g. Tennis serve by doing the toss up
  • Discrete and gross
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of methods of practice

-Whole practice

A
  • Practice by doing the total or complete or entire movement
  • Not breaking the skill into subroutines or parts
  • E.g. Whole tennis serve or jump shot in basketball
  • Complex and discrete
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a motor programme?

A

A series of sub-routines stored in the long-term memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a sub-routine?

A

An individual movement or component of a skill or technique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe an Open Skill

A

The environment is changing & others affect the skill.
Much information to process

  • Often externally paced
  • Skills will require variations
  • Movements will require adjustments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe a Closed Skill

A
  • Not affected by the environment
  • Stable and predictable
  • Internally/Self-Paced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe a Gross Skill

A
  • Involves large muscle movements
  • Involves large muscle groups
  • Major body movement skills
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe a Fine Skill

A
  • Involve small muscle movements
  • Involve small muscle groups
  • Small bodily movements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe a Discrete Skill

A
  • Skill has a definite beginning and end
  • Usually brief in nature – a single skill
  • If a skill is repeated, have to start from the beginning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe a Serial Skill

A
  • A number of discrete skills put together to make a sequence or series
  • The order in which the distinct elements is important
  • Each movement is both a stimulus and a response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe a Continuous Skill

A
  • No clear beginning or end of skill
  • Activity continues for unspecified time
  • Usually performed for a longer period of time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe a Self-Paced Skill

A
  • A performer decides when to perform or start the skill
  • Performer decided the rate at which the skill is performed
  • More closed skills e.g. shot put
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe an Externally-Paced Skill

A
  • Performance of the action is determined by external sources
  • Involves the performer in reaction
  • More open skill (e.g. white water canoeing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe a Simple Skill

A
  • Little information or stimuli to process
  • Few decisions
  • Time to use feedback
  • Few sub-routines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe a Complex Skill

A
  • Large amounts of information to process
  • Affected by the environment
  • Less time to use feedback
  • Many sub-routines to perform in correct order at correct time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe a High Organisation Skill

A
  • Skill cannot be split into sub-routines

- Sub-routines have to be practised as part of whole movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe a Low Organisation Skill

A
  • Sub-routines can be easily identified from overall movement
  • Sub-routines can be practised in isolation from overall movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the 3 phases of learning?

A

Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous

27
Q

Describe a learner in the cognitive phase

A
  • The learner is trying to create a ‘mental picture’ of the skill
  • Lots of trial and error
  • Essential that success reinforced by performer experiencing success or being told by the coach/ teacher
28
Q

Describe a learner in the associative phase

A
  • Performer practices the skills and compares or associated movements with the mental mage
  • Feedback occurs (intrinsic and extrinsic)
  • Beginners start to eliminate mistakes, and refine skills
  • Motor programmes aren’t grooved
29
Q

Describe a learner in the autonomous phase

A
  • Movements becoming automatic or subconscious
  • Distractions ignored (selective attention)
  • Focus on tactical strategies
  • Motor programmes fully grooved and stored in LTM.
30
Q

Identify 4 types of guidance

A

Visual, Verbal, Manual, Mechanical

31
Q

What is the difference between manual & mechanical guidance?

A

Manual - Physical support and movement from the teacher/coach.

Mechanical - Using equipment to support motor development

32
Q

Identify 8 methods of practice

A
  • Whole
  • Part
  • Whole Part Whole
  • Progressive Part
  • Massed
  • Distributed
  • Varied
  • Fixed
33
Q

Types of methods of practice

-Whole part practice

A

-Practice the complete skill, then split it into subroutines, and then practice complete skill again

34
Q

Types of methods of practice

-Progressive part practice

A

Practice in stages that are linked or chained

35
Q

What is massed practice?

A

No or very few rest intervals

36
Q

What is distributed practice?

A

Regular breaks built into practice

37
Q

What is varied practice?

A

When the practice situation/environment changes

38
Q

What is fixed practice?

A

When the practice situation/environment stays the same

39
Q

What are the main two categories of feedback?

A

Knowledge of Results & Knowledge of Performance

40
Q

In addition to KR and KP, identify 6 other types of feedback

A

Positive, negative, concurrent, terminal, intrinsic, extrinsic

41
Q

What is knowledge of results feedback?

A

Based upon the outcome or result

42
Q

What is knowledge of performance feedback?

A

Based upon the technique and the quality of the movement

43
Q

What is intrinsic feedback?

A

Direct feedback from proprioceptors, known as kinesthesis

44
Q

What is concurrent feedback?

A

Feedback during performance

45
Q

What is terminal feedback?

A

Feedback at the end of performance

46
Q

Identify 6 types of transfer

A

Positive, Negative, Bilateral, Zero, Proactive, Retroactive

47
Q

What is positive transfer?

A

One skill helps or enhances the learning and performance of another skill

48
Q

What is negative transfer?

A

One skill hinders the learning and performance of another skill

49
Q

What is bilateral transfer?

A

This is the transfer which takes place from one limb to another, sometimes called lateralisation

50
Q

What is proactive transfer?

A

A skill already learned or performed INFLUENCES the learning or performing of a new skill

51
Q

What is retroactive transfer?

A

Learning or performing a new skill INFLUENCES the learning or performing of an OLD skill

52
Q

Name three learning theories

A

Operant, Observational & Cognitive Learning Theories

53
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A
  • Learning by conditioning through response to a stimulus
  • Strengthening the stimulus-response (SR) bond
  • Using reinforcement & punishment
54
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When reinforcement is taken away

55
Q

Name Thorndike’s Laws

A
  • Law of Exercise
  • Law of Readiness
  • Law of Effect
56
Q

Thorndike’s Law

-Law of exercise

A
  • Repetition/rehearsal will strengthen the S-R bond
  • If the desired response is produced then it must be reinforced
  • Practice makes permanent
57
Q

Thorndike’s Law

-Law of readiness

A

-A leaner must be physically and mentally ready to perform a skill or complete the task

58
Q

Thorndike’s Law

-Law of effect

A
  • Any action that is positively reinforced will tend to be repeated
  • If the response is followed by a satisfier, then the S-R bond will be strengthened
59
Q

What is observational learning (social learning) theory?

A

When behaviour is learned through observing or copying another

60
Q

What are the 6 stages of Bandura’s model of observational learning?

A

Demonstration - Attention, Retention, Motor Reproduction, Motivation - Performance

61
Q

What is the acronym to remember cognitive learning theory?

A

PIGWIP

62
Q

What are the 6 ways of describing cognitive learning theory (PIGWIP)?

A

Perception, Intervening Variables, Gestalt, Whole Problem, Insight, Past Experiences

63
Q

Skill Continuum Description

-Organisation (low and high)

A

Low=An easy and uncomplicated skill. The phases that make up the skill are usually discrete but there are lots of sub-routines e.g. the long jump
High= A skill that has a complex number of phases that cannot be broken down and practices separately. They require a large amount of attention e.g. riding a bike

A Level PE revision (Y1) (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions