Cardiovascular system Flashcards by sophie hawkes

Pulmonary Circuit

Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs and oxygenated blood to heart

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Systematic circuit

Carried oxygenated blood to body and deoxygenated to the heart

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Structure of heart

-Double pump protected by ribs
-Left side gas thicker wall for larger force of contraction so O2 blood flows through systematic circuit to organs/ muscles
-Right side contracts to send deoxygenated blood through pulmonary system to lungs
-Atrioventricular and semi lunar valves

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Path of blood- left side

-Oxygenated blood comes from lungs to heart in pulmonary vein
-Blood moves from LA to LV through AV (bicuspid) valve
-Contraction forces blood into aorta- to muscles and organs

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Path of blood- right side

-Deoxygenated blood carried through vena cava to right atrium
-RA to RV through atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve
-RV to pulmonary artery
-Pulmonary artery to lungs

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Myogenic

Heart creates its own impulse in order to contract

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Cardiac cycle

Contraction of cardiac muscle and movement of blood through chambers

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Diastole

-Relaxation phase of heart
-Fills with blood

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Systole

-Contraction phase of the heart
-Blood moves into aorta and Pulmonary Artery

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Cardiac cycle- diastole

-Chambers relax and expand as they fill with blood
-Pressure in atria increases- forcing Atrio Ventricular valve open
-Ventricles fill
-Semilunar valve closed to prevent blood leaving

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Cardiac cycle- atrial systole

-Atria contract to force remaining blood to ventricles

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Cardiac cycle- ventricular systole

-Ventricles contract- closing AV valve
-SL valve forced open
-Blood ejected into aorta and PA

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Heart Rate

-Number of time heart beats per minute (72bpm)
-Lower it is = more efficient
-HRmax= 220-age
-> affected by age, gender, genetics + fitness

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Bradycardia

Resting HR below 60bpm

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Stroke volume

-Volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat
-Usually 70ml
-Occurs during ventricular systole

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Cardiac output

-Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one minute
-CO (L/MIN) = HR X SV

HR for trained and untrained

Untrained - 70-72 bpm
Trained - 50bpm

SV for trained and untrained at rest

Untrained - 70ml
Trained- 100ml

Cardiac Output for trained and untrained at rest

5l/min for both

Sub- maximal

-Low/ moderate intensity
-Below anaerobic threshold
-Aerobic work

Maximal

-High intensity
-Above aerobic capacity
-Fatigue + anaerobic work

HR response to sub maximal exercise

-Increases in line with intensity
-Plateaus as HR reaches steady state
->demand for O2 delivery and waste removal met

HR response to maximal exercise

-Increases in line with intensity
-Does not plateau as HR continues to increase
->demand for O2 and waste removal not met

HR response to exercise- sub max graph

-Initial anticipatory rise due to adrenaline
-Rapid increase in HR to increase blood flow and O2 delivery
-Steady HR throughout as demand met
-Initial rapid decrease in recovery
-More gradual decrease to resting level

HR response to exercise- max graph

-Initial anticipatory rise due to adrenaline -No plateau as demand not met -More gradual decrease during recovery

HR response to dynamic sports

-Fluctuates as intensity varies

SV response to exercise

-Increases in proportion to intensity until 40-60% of working capacity- plateaus -Plateau during sub max due to: ->increase HR toward max doesn't allow enough time for ventricles to fully fill- Limits Frank Starling mech -SV maintained in early stages of recovery to maintain blood flow and decrease stress of cardiac muscle ->because HR rapidly decreases

SV able to increase during exercise due to...

-Increased venous return (volume of blood that returns to heart) -Frank starling mechanism

Frank Starling Mechanism

-Increased venous return= increased end diastolic volume -Therefore, increase stretch of ventricle walls - Increased force of muscular contraction = larger vol of blood ejected from heart -> lower HR = more time to maximise effect

Cardiac Output response to exercise

-Combination of HR and SV -Increases with intensity but plateaus during maximal -Rapid then slower decrease during recovery

HR for untrained performer rest, sub max and max

Rest - 70-72 Sub Maximal - 100-120 Maximal - 220-age

SV for untrained performer rest, sub max and max

Rest - 70ml Sub Maximal - 100-120ml Maximal - 120-200ml

Cardiac Output for untrained performer rest, sub max and max

Rest - 5l/min Sub Maximal -10-15l/min Maxima l- 20-30l/min