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A Level PE revision (Y1) > Biomechanics > Flashcards

Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s 1st law

-The law of Inertia

A

When a body continues in a state of rest or moving with constant velocity in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force

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2
Q

Newton’s 2nd Law

-Law of attraction

A
  • When a force acts upon an object, the rate of change in momentum experienced by the object is proportional to the size of the force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts
  • Greater force= greater acceleration
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3
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law

-Law of action/reaction

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

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4
Q

Linear motion

A

Movement of a body in a straight or curved line, where all parts are moving the same distance, in the same direction, over the same time

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5
Q

Angular motion

A

Movement of a body or body part in a circular path about an axis of rotation

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6
Q

General motion

A
  • Is a combination of linear and angular motion
  • The trunk moves in a linear motion (straight line) as a result of other body parts (arms and legs) moving in angular motion at the shoulder and hip joint
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7
Q

Force applied outside of the COM is known as…

A

Eccentric, which gives us angular motion

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8
Q

Force applied through the COM is known as…

A

Direct force, which gives us linear motion

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9
Q

Velocity definition

A

The rate of change in displacement

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10
Q

Velocity equation

A

Velocity (m/s)= Displacement(m) / time taken(s)

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11
Q

Acceleration definition

A

The rate of change in velocity

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12
Q

Acceleration equation

A

Acceleration (m/s/s)= (final velocity-initial velocity) / time taken

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13
Q

Momentum definition

A

The quantity of motion possessed by a moving body

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14
Q

Momentum equation

A

Momentum (kgm/s)=mass x velocity

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15
Q

Centre of mass definition

A

The point where the mass of the body tends to be concentrated and balanced in all directions

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16
Q

Centre of mass depends on…

A
  • The body’s position
  • The athlete’s body itself (shape)
  • Gender
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17
Q

Stability definition

A

A stable body position will enable an athlete to resist motion

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18
Q

The stability of an athlete is determined/affected by…

A
  • The mass of the body
  • Size of the base of support
  • Height of the centre of mass
  • No. of pointes in contact with the surface
  • Proximity of the line of gravity to the centre of the base of support
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19
Q

Line of gravity

A

An imaginary line which extends from the COM directly to the ground

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20
Q

How to increase stability…

A
  • Increase mass of the body/object
  • Increase the size of the base of support
  • Lower the centre of mass
  • Increase the number of points in contact with the surface
  • Bring the line of gravity inside the base of support
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21
Q

Force definition

A
  • A push or a pull that alters the state of motion of a a body
  • Measured in Newtons (N)
22
Q

Force equation

A

Force (N) = mass x acceleration

23
Q

What can force do?

A
  • Create motion
  • Accelerate/ decelerate a body
  • Change the direction of a body
  • Change the shape of a body
24
Q

Net force

A

The overall force acting on a body when all individual forces have been considered

25
Q

Balanced force

A

When two or more forces acting on a body are equal in size (Net force is zero)

26
Q

Unbalanced force

A

When forces acting on a body are unequal in size (resulting in net force)

27
Q

Vertical forces

A

-Weight and reaction force

28
Q

Horizontal forces

A

-Friction and air resistance

29
Q

Weight definition

A

Gravitational force that the Earth exerts on the body (downwards)

30
Q

Reaction definition

A

Whenever there is a point of contact between 2 bodies, there will always be a reactionary force

31
Q

Air resistance definition

A

The air that acts upon the body moving through the air

32
Q

Friction definition

A

The force that acts in opposition to the movement between two surfaces in contact

33
Q

Types of friction

-Sliding friction

A

Occurs when two surfaces have a tendency to slide over one another

34
Q

Types of friction

-Direction friction

A

Friction acts in the opposite direction to motion

35
Q

Types of friction

-Parallel friction

A

Friction acts parallel to the two surfaces in contact with each other

36
Q

Factors affecting friction

A
  • Roughness/smoothness of footwear in contact with the ground
  • Roughness/smoothness of ground or court
  • Size of the down force
  • Temperature of the surface
37
Q

Factors affecting air resistance

A
  • Shape of object
  • Speed/velocity
  • Frontal cross-sectional area
  • Smoothness of surface
38
Q

Fulcrum

A

Fixed point of rotation about which the lever moves

39
Q

Load

A

The resistance or weight to be moved

40
Q

Effort

A
  • The force being applied that causes the lever to move

- The agonist muscle in the human body

41
Q

Load arm

A

The perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the load

42
Q

Effort arm

A

The perpendicular distance from the fulcrum to the effort

43
Q

Draw the 1st class lever

A
44
Q

Draw the 2nd class lever

A
44
Q

Draw the 2nd class lever

A
45
Q

Draw the 3rd class lever

A
46
Q

Efficiency of the lever systems

A
  • The greater the distance of the effort or load from the fulcrum, the more significant the effort or load becomes
  • Longer levers generate more force
47
Q

Mechanical advantage

A
  • 2nd class levers have a mechanical advantage as the load lies between the effort arm and the fulcrum
  • A small amount of effort is needed to move a large load
48
Q

Mechanical disadvantage

A
  • 3rd class levers have a mechanical disadvantage as the effort lies between the fulcrum and the load
  • The lever will struggle to move heavy loads in this manner
49
Q

Limb kinematics

A
  • The study of motion, limbs and movement
  • They measure movement efficiency, gait and velocity
  • Used in golf and football
  • Strengths: Helps to improve technique and avoid injury
  • Weakness: Results do not cater for individual differences
50
Q

Wind tunnels

A
  • Large tubes with air moving inside them
  • They measure aerodynamic efficiency
  • Used in F1 and cycling
  • Strengths: Control environmental variables and is quick and efficient
  • Weakness: Very expensive
51
Q

Force plates

A
  • Rectangular metal plates, used in combination with video analysis
  • Measure velocity-time, force, acceleration etc.
  • Used in swimming (starts and turns) and long jump
  • Strength: Injury prevention and immediate data collection
  • Weakness: Not available to most

A Level PE revision (Y1) (7 decks)

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