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GI Week 1 > Skildum Metabolism Review > Flashcards

Skildum Metabolism Review Flashcards

1
Q

What accounts for the majority of the chemical energy in your body?

A

Triacylglycerol

Example: Battery of the body is triacylglycerol, wire is ATP, and lightbulb is some process your body carries out

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2
Q

24 hours after a meal, what is the major source of blood glucose?

A

Gluconeogenesis in the liver will be the major source of blood glucose!

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3
Q

Can Acetyl coA be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis?

A

No

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4
Q

In a well nourished individual, as the length of fasting increases from overnight to one week, which one of the following is most likely to occur?

A

Muscle decreases its use of ketone bodies, which increases in the blood

(preserves ketone bodies for tissues that don’t have as much metabolic activity)

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5
Q

Brain primary energy sources?

A

Glucose

Ketone bodies

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6
Q

What are major products of the TCA cycle that are used in the electron transport chain to create ATP?

A

NADH and FAD(2H)

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7
Q

Which of the 3 nutrient classes isn’t really stored in the body?

A

Amino acids

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8
Q

What are the 4 important metabolic states?

A

Fed: Lasts 2-4 hours after a meal
Fasted: Overnight without eating
Starved: prolonged fasting
Hypercatabolic: trauma, sepsis–not related to meals

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9
Q

What dominates the starvation state?

A

fatty acid metabolism

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10
Q

Most important hormone regulating storage pathways in the fed state?

What is it directly responsive to?

A

Insulin

Concentration of glucose in blood

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11
Q

Major regulator of catabolism in the fasted state?

A

Glucagon

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12
Q

High carbs means more or less insulin?

A

More!

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13
Q

High protein means more or less insulin? Glucagon?

A

Less insulin

More glucagon!

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14
Q

What are the 2 biosynthetic pathways that produce glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

Metabolic pathways that store glucose? 4

A

FA biosynthesis
Cholesterol biosynthesis
Protein synthesis
Glycogenogenesis

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16
Q

What cells release insulin?

Glucagon?

A

Insulin: Pancreatic Beta Cells
Glucagon: Alpha cells

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17
Q

What do white adipose cells do with glucose?

What is done with this?

A

Ferment it to glycerol-3-phosphate

Backbone for triacylglycerol synthesis for storage in adipose!

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18
Q

What do RBC do with glucose?

A

Ferment glucose to pyruvate and then export lactate

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19
Q

Primary response of cardiac muscle to feeding?

A

Fatty acid beta oxidation

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20
Q

What do intestinal epithelial cells do in reponse to feeding?

A

Convert GLUTAMINE, GLUTAMATE and ASPARTATE from diet into alpha-ketoglutarate which goes into TCA cycle

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21
Q

What do colonocytes do in response to feeding?

A

Use short chain fatty acids produced by gut bacteria!

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22
Q

Receptor for Glucagon? Following pathway after receptor is activated?

A

G-protein coupled receptor (7 transmembrane)

Ligand binding causes activation of adenylate cyclase, production of cAMP, and activation of PKA.

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23
Q

When is Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) measured?

A

Fasted state

24
Q

What does gluconeogenesis use to produce glucose?

A

Carbon skeletons from a.a., lactate, and glycerol!

25
Q

What happens in skeletal muscle in response to FASTING?

A

Proteolysis produces free a.a.
Branched chain a.a. are used as fuel!

Alanine and glutamine are exported for use as gluconeogenic substrates by the liver.

26
Q

Primary amino acid used by gut epithelial cells?!

A

GLUTAMINE!

27
Q

White adipose tissue reponse to FASTING?

A

Lipolysis of triacylglycerol produces FA which are used by heart and liver…and Glycerol which is used for gluconeogenesis by the liver!

28
Q

Are glucose, insulin, and glucagon increased or decreased in response to fasting?

A

Glucose decreased
Insulin decreased
Glucagon increased

29
Q

What is the tissue with the most caloric density of which the body wants to degrade to provide energy during starvation?

What is made from it?

A

FAT (adipose triacylglycerol)

Ketone bodies!

30
Q

What is glucose spared for during starvation?

A

RBCs!

31
Q

What does cardiac muscle continue to use during starvation?

A

Fatty acids!

It doesn’t like ketone bodies!

32
Q

What happens to skeletal muscle breakdown during starvation?

A

Decreases

33
Q

What organ decreases use of ketone bodies during starvation?

What organ increases use of ketone bodies during starvation?

A

Skeletal muscle utilization decreases

Brain utilization Increases!

34
Q

Urea excretion is highest at what point?

A

Fasting for 12 hours

Note: Starvation at 5-6 weeks body is living primarily off of fatty acids and there is no nitrogen in fatty acids so there is no ned for urea excretion!

35
Q

What is hypercatabolism?

A

Rapid mobilization of stored fuels to provide energy for wound repair and immune system function.
**Sustained muscle and organ protein breakdown!

36
Q

What activates hormone sensitive lipase to mobilize fatty acids from adipose?

A

Epinephrine

37
Q

What activates muscle proteolysis to mobilize a.a. from muscle (aa are used in liver for gluconeogenesis)?

A

Cortisol

38
Q

What activates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucagon

*Note: see lecture graph of timing of these hormones release. NE increases initially and becomes minimal 1-2 days after trauma etc.)

39
Q

Hypercatabolism changes of cytokines, glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, insulin?

A

ALL INCREASED!

So gluconeogenesis occurs

40
Q

What do macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts use as fuel?

A

Glutamine from skeletal muscle breakdown!

41
Q

Nitrogen Balance formula

A

NB = Nitrogen intake - (urinary nitrogen + 2)

**Add 2 because some Nitrogen is lost in sweat, sloughed skin and intestinal cells.

42
Q

What 2 types of cells are adapted to use glutamine as a fuel source?

A

Gut epithelial cells and lymphocytes

43
Q

What is the MOST IMPORTANT intracellular signaling molecule that leads to the liberation of stored chemical energy in response to glucagon?

A

Adenosine Monophosphate Kinase (AMP-K)

44
Q

What things are used by the liver for gluconeogenesis?

A

OUTSIDE SOURCES

AA, lactate, glycerol

45
Q

What does the liver use for glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen that is stored in the liver

46
Q

Substrate for ketone body synthesis

A

Acetyl CoA produced by fatty acid beta oxidation

47
Q

Which amino acids does skeletal muscle use as fuel?

A

Branched chain

48
Q

What 2 AA are exported from skeletal muscle to be used as gluconeogenic substrates by the liver?

A

Alanine and glutamine

49
Q

Does the gut care if you are full or hungry?

A

Hell no! uses glutamine and glutamate regardless (from diet or from breakdown of muscle that is in blood pool)

50
Q

What does cortisol cause to happen in the flow phase of hypercatabolism?

A

Muscle protein breakdown to be used in hepatic gluconeogenesis

51
Q

What do lymphocytes use as fuel?

A

Glutamine

52
Q

How does glucagon respond in the flow phase of hypercatabolism?

A

Increases glycogenolysis and then switches to gluconeogenesis

53
Q

What do catecholamines promote in the ebb phase of hypercatabolism

A

Fat lipolysis

54
Q

Why do you need a little insulin around in hypercatabolism?

A

To make acute phase proteins in the liver that are essential for wound repair

55
Q

Nitrogen balance

A

Nitrogen intake - (urinary nitrogen +2,3, or 4)
2 if adult
3 if pediatric receiving TPN
4 if pediatric eating normally

56
Q

Refeeding syndrome

A

Death by MI

57
Q

Daily energy expenditure formula when recovering from trauma

A

DEE = REE x 1.6

GI Week 1 (10 decks)

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