Pathoma Flashcards
Cause of Cleft lip and palate?
Failure of facial prominences to fuse
Painful, superficial ulceration of oral mucosa in a time of stress
Gray base with surrounding erythema
Aphthous ulcer
Behcet syndrome
Recurrent aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, uveitis
Cause of Behcet Syndrome
Immune complex vasculitis of small vessels
Where does HSV-1 lie dormant in oral herpes?
Ganglia of trigeminal nerve
Most common location for squamous cell carcinoma
Floor of mouth
Major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma
Tobacco and alcohol
What lesions are precursor lesions to squamous cell carcinoma?
Leukoplakia and erythroplakia
What is the difference between leukoplakia and erythroplakia?
Leukoplakia is a white plaque, cannot be scraped away
Erythroplakia is a red plaque that represents vascularized leukoplakia (angiogenesis taking place) and is highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia
How do you differentiate Leukoplakia from Oral candidiasis from Hairy Leukoplakia
Leukoplakia cannot be scraped off.
Oral candidiasis is easily scraped away, immunocompromised
Hairy leukoplakia arises on lateral tongue–due to EBV induced hyperplasia in immunocompromised
3 major salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Bilateral inflamed parotid glands in a kid makes you think…
Mumps
What other things may be present with Mumps?
Orchitis (if >10 yrs old–testicular infection)
Pancreatitis
Meningitis
Benign tumor composed of stromal (cartilage) and epithelial tissue
Pleomorphic adenoma
Where do pleomorphic adenomas usually arise?
Parotid gland
why is there a high rate of reoccurence of pleomorphic adenoma?
surgeons often don’t resect it fully!
If a pleomorphic adenoma transforms into a carcinoma, how will it present?
Facial nerve damage!
Benign cystic tumor with lots of lymphocytes and germinal centers
Warthin tumor
Mucoepidermoid tumor
malignant tumor composed of mucinous and squamous cells
Most common malignant tumor of salivary gland
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Most common variant of TE fistula?
Proximal esophageal atresia with distal TE fistula
Dysphagia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Esophageal Web
Triad for what?
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
What is an esophageal web? Where is it most likely to occur?
thin protrusion of esophageal mucosa (ONLY!)
Most often occurs in upper esophagus
What is Zenker Diverticulum?
FALSE diverticulum
Outpouching of pharyngeal mucosa through acquired defect in the muscular wall
Where does a Zenker Diverticulum usually occur?
Above the UES at the junction of the esophagus and pharynx
What is halitosis?
Bad breath!
Why is Mallory-weiss syndrome common in alcoholic and bulimics?
Caused by severe vomitting- longitudinal laceration of mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction
PAINFUL hematemesis
Mallory-weiss increases your risk of what?
Boerhaave syndrome- rupture of esophagus leading to air in the mediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema
What usually causes esophageal varices?
Secondary to portal hypertension!
Most common cause of death in liver cirrhosis?
Rupture of esophageal varices
What is achalasia?
- Inability to relax lower sphincter
2. Disordered esophageal motility
What is the mechanism of achalasia?
Due to damaged ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus
plexus located between inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of muscularis propria
idiopathic or Chagas Disease
What organism causes Chagas disease? Chagas disease can cause what?
Trypanosoma Cruzi
Can cause achalasia
What is associated with “bird beak” on barium swallow and high LES pressure on manometry?
Achalasia
Progressive dysphasia of solids AND liquids indicates what?
Achalasia (or scleroderma)
What is barrett esophagus?
Metaplasia of the lower esophageal mucosa from stratified squamous epitherlium into NON-CILATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM w/ GOBLET CELLS!!!!
*is a response of lower esophageal stem cells to acidic stress
Barrett esophagus increases your chances of what?
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma involves which part of the esophagus?
Lower 1/3
Squamous cell carcinoma is associated with what? Found where?
Smoking
Alcohol
Hot Tea
Found in the upper or middle third of the esophagus
Two types of esophageal carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
