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GI Week 1 > Pathoma > Flashcards

Pathoma Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of Cleft lip and palate?

A

Failure of facial prominences to fuse

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2
Q

Painful, superficial ulceration of oral mucosa in a time of stress

Gray base with surrounding erythema

A

Aphthous ulcer

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3
Q

Behcet syndrome

A

Recurrent aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, uveitis

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4
Q

Cause of Behcet Syndrome

A

Immune complex vasculitis of small vessels

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5
Q

Where does HSV-1 lie dormant in oral herpes?

A

Ganglia of trigeminal nerve

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6
Q

Most common location for squamous cell carcinoma

A

Floor of mouth

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7
Q

Major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma

A

Tobacco and alcohol

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8
Q

What lesions are precursor lesions to squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Leukoplakia and erythroplakia

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9
Q

What is the difference between leukoplakia and erythroplakia?

A

Leukoplakia is a white plaque, cannot be scraped away

Erythroplakia is a red plaque that represents vascularized leukoplakia (angiogenesis taking place) and is highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia

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10
Q

How do you differentiate Leukoplakia from Oral candidiasis from Hairy Leukoplakia

A

Leukoplakia cannot be scraped off.

Oral candidiasis is easily scraped away, immunocompromised

Hairy leukoplakia arises on lateral tongue–due to EBV induced hyperplasia in immunocompromised

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11
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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12
Q

Bilateral inflamed parotid glands in a kid makes you think…

A

Mumps

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13
Q

What other things may be present with Mumps?

A

Orchitis (if >10 yrs old–testicular infection)
Pancreatitis
Meningitis

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14
Q

Benign tumor composed of stromal (cartilage) and epithelial tissue

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

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15
Q

Where do pleomorphic adenomas usually arise?

A

Parotid gland

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16
Q

why is there a high rate of reoccurence of pleomorphic adenoma?

A

surgeons often don’t resect it fully!

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17
Q

If a pleomorphic adenoma transforms into a carcinoma, how will it present?

A

Facial nerve damage!

18
Q

Benign cystic tumor with lots of lymphocytes and germinal centers

A

Warthin tumor

19
Q

Mucoepidermoid tumor

A

malignant tumor composed of mucinous and squamous cells

20
Q

Most common malignant tumor of salivary gland

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

21
Q

Most common variant of TE fistula?

A

Proximal esophageal atresia with distal TE fistula

22
Q

Dysphagia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Esophageal Web

Triad for what?

A

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

23
Q

What is an esophageal web? Where is it most likely to occur?

A

thin protrusion of esophageal mucosa (ONLY!)

Most often occurs in upper esophagus

24
Q

What is Zenker Diverticulum?

A

FALSE diverticulum

Outpouching of pharyngeal mucosa through acquired defect in the muscular wall

25
Q

Where does a Zenker Diverticulum usually occur?

A

Above the UES at the junction of the esophagus and pharynx

26
Q

What is halitosis?

A

Bad breath!

27
Q

Why is Mallory-weiss syndrome common in alcoholic and bulimics?

A

Caused by severe vomitting- longitudinal laceration of mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction

PAINFUL hematemesis

28
Q

Mallory-weiss increases your risk of what?

A

Boerhaave syndrome- rupture of esophagus leading to air in the mediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema

29
Q

What usually causes esophageal varices?

A

Secondary to portal hypertension!

30
Q

Most common cause of death in liver cirrhosis?

A

Rupture of esophageal varices

31
Q

What is achalasia?

A
  1. Inability to relax lower sphincter

2. Disordered esophageal motility

32
Q

What is the mechanism of achalasia?

A

Due to damaged ganglion cells in the myenteric plexus

plexus located between inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of muscularis propria

idiopathic or Chagas Disease

33
Q

What organism causes Chagas disease? Chagas disease can cause what?

A

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Can cause achalasia

34
Q

What is associated with “bird beak” on barium swallow and high LES pressure on manometry?

A

Achalasia

35
Q

Progressive dysphasia of solids AND liquids indicates what?

A

Achalasia (or scleroderma)

36
Q

What is barrett esophagus?

A

Metaplasia of the lower esophageal mucosa from stratified squamous epitherlium into NON-CILATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM w/ GOBLET CELLS!!!!

*is a response of lower esophageal stem cells to acidic stress

37
Q

Barrett esophagus increases your chances of what?

A

Adenocarcinoma

38
Q

Adenocarcinoma involves which part of the esophagus?

A

Lower 1/3

39
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is associated with what? Found where?

A

Smoking
Alcohol
Hot Tea

Found in the upper or middle third of the esophagus

40
Q

Two types of esophageal carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

GI Week 1 (10 decks)

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