Sketchy Pharm

Question 1

Cholinomimetics:
What are cholinomimetics?

Answer 1

substances that mimic or modify the actions of acetylcholine, an essential neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 2

Cholinomimetics:
What are the subtypes of acetylcholine receptors?

Answer 2

Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors.

Question 3

Cholinomimetics:
Where are nicotinic Ach receptors found?

Answer 3

On autonomic ganglia, skeletal muscle motor end plates (neural muscular junction), and the adrenal glands.
Act more as ion channels.

Question 4

Cholinomimetics:
What are the muscarinic Ach receptors?

Answer 4

M1, M2, and M3

Question 5

Cholinomimetics:
What are the signaling pathways for the muscarinic receptors?

Answer 5

G-Protein coupled:
M1, M2, and M3 are coupled to Gq, Gi, and Gq respectively.

Question 6

Cholinomimetics:
What do M1 and M3 receptors have in common?

Answer 6

Both are coupled to Gq proteins which activate the IP3-DAG cascade.
Leading to increased intracellular calcium.

Question 7

Cholinomimetics:
Where can you find M1 receptors?

Answer 7

Nerves and the CNS

Question 8

Cholinomimetics:
Where can you find M2 receptors?

Answer 8

Atria, SA, and AV node

Question 9

Cholinomimetics:
Where can you find M3 receptors?

Answer 9

Smooth muscles and glands.

Question 10

Cholinomimetics:
What occurs upon M3 receptor activation?
What in the case of atherosclerosis?

Answer 10

1)
Nitric oxide release in vascular smooth muscle cells
–>
Increased cGMP and vasodilation
2)
Atherosclerosis -> vascular epithelial damage -> direct muscarinic receptor activation -> vasoconstriction

Question 11

Cholinomimetics:
What is the MOA of Bethanechol?

Answer 11

Increases secretion and motor activity of the gut.
Beneficial for non-obstructive urinary retention and specific GI disorders; ie post-op ileus, neurogenic ileus, or congenital megacolon.
Stimulates detrusor muscle and relaxes the bladder sphincter.

Question 12

Cholinomimetics:
What is the MOA of Pilocarpine?

Answer 12

Increases salvation.
Useful in dry mouth in cases of Sjrogrens, radiation damage, or in glaucoma.
In glaucoma it contracts the ciliary body to allowing aqueous humor to flow better, relaxing the zonular fibers and have the lens form a more spherical shape.

Question 13

Cholinomimetics:
What is the MOA of carbachol?

Answer 13

Causes pupillary constriction.
Useful in acute angle-closure glaucoma.
It is both a muscarinic and nicotinic agonist.

Question 14

Cholinomimetics:
What is methacholine used for?

Answer 14

Induces wheezing symptoms useful in asthma diagnostic testing. It contracts bronchial smooth muscle which may exacerbate asthma or COPD, or peptic ulcers.
**This can occur with other

Question 15

Cholinomimetics:
What is the MOAH of Veranicline?

Answer 15

Partial agonist at nicotinic receptors.
Used in smoking cessation.