200 Concepts of Amboss Flashcards
Biostats, Epidemiology, and Social Sciences:
What is the appropriate measure of association in cohort studies?
What is the equation?
Relative risk
(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)
Biostats, Epidemiology, and Social Sciences:
What do independent, repeated measurements test for?
Precision or how reproducible a result is. Proportional to ‘interrater reliability.’
Biostats, Epidemiology, and Social Sciences:
What can you interpret from an confidence interval?
P-value.
If the the CI includes 1 then the study is not statistically significant, therefore the p-value can be inferred as >0.05.
Biostats, Epidemiology, and Social Sciences:
What is a Type 2 error?
(Symbolized as beta)
is the accepting of a false null hypothesis and rejecting a viable alternative hypothesis.
You want to reduce this by increasing sample size or increasing precision to increase statistical power (1 - beta)
Biostats, Epidemiology, and Social Sciences:
What are some risk factors to urothelial cancer?
Cigarette smoking is huge
Long-term occupational exposure to benzidine and alinine dyes (look for dyes, oil refining, rubber production, perfumes, and pesticides. Pharmaceutical for benzocaine.
* Carcinogenic obv. causes TCC of bladder.
*Benzene derivative (alinine and benzocaine) can result in methemoglobinemia.
Biostats, Epidemiology, and Social Sciences:
What is the most common complication to shaken baby syndrome?
Subdural Hemotomas
Upon suspicion report to Child Protective Services CPS.
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Which antiepileptic medication should be avoided in pregnancy?
Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, and Valproate. Results in folate deficiency.
Phenytoin can cause Fetal hydantoin syndrome (cleft palate, phalanx/fingernail hypoplasia, excessive hair growth, and intrauterine growth restriction.
Carbamazepine can cause neural tube defects.
Valproate can also cause NTDs and craniofacial dysmorphism.
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
What antimicrobials are safe during pregnancy?
Avoid Cephalosporins in the first trimester.
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
What antimicrobials are harmful during pregnancy?
“Teethracycline:” teeth discoloration with tetracycline.
“A mean guy steps on baby’s ear.” Aminoglycoside can cause ototoxicity
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
What antivirals are safe during pregnancy?
.
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for Toxoplasmosis in a newborn:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for Syphillis in a newborn:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for Listeriosis in a newborn:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for VZV in a newborn:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for Parvovirus B19 in a newborn:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for Rubella in a newborn:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for CMV in a newborn:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for HSV in a newborn:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 2 month old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 4 month old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 6 month old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 9 month old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 12 month old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 15 month old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 18 month old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 2 year old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 30 month old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 3 year old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 4 year old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Describe the developmental milestones for a 5 year old: for motor development, speech development, cognitive and social development:
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Pts with Turner syndrome are at increased risk for developing what?
Cardiovascular anomalies like bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation of the aorta. Bicuspid arotic valve predisposes to early onset valvular calcifications, which can lead to premature aortic stenosis. BAV also increases risk for infective endocarditis.
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Pt with ambiguous genitalia as an infant now presents with amenorrhea, severe acne, tall stature, and possibly osteopororosis (fracture following a minor trauma). Mother hx of virilization furing pregnancy. What are the arrows for estrogen and androgen?
- Decrease estrogen, increase androgen.
*Dx: Aromatase deficiency.
Pregnancy and reproductive system:
Pts with PID are at increased risk for what?
Infertility/ectopic pregnancy
What is the difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform?
Schizophrenia symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, negative symptoms) last at least 1 month but less than 6 months for schizophreniform disorder.
What is Schizoaffective disorder?
Characterized by a continuous illness episode in which features of a major mood episode (depressive, manic, or mixed) alongside psychotic symptoms that meet the criteria for schizophrenia.
What is the risk with giving antidepressant medication like Venlafaxine and TCA’s in a patient with undiagnosed underlying bipolar disorder?
Developing hypomania or mania.
Recommended to first initiate mood stabilizers like Lithium and valproic acid before antidepressants.
What should be regularly assessed with a patient undergoing Lithium mono therapy?
- Serum TSH
Hypothyroidism is a common side effect, as well as tremor, nephrogeneic diabetes insipidus, teratogenicity (eg Ebstein anomaly), and ECG changes (Eg T-wave depressions)
What is typically shown with Lysergic acid diethyl amide (LSD) intoxication?
Vivid visual hallucinations and distorted time perception, but can also experience anxiety, agitation, and paranoid delusions. In addition, LSD has mild sympathomimetic effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, and mydriasis.
What is typically shown with Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) intoxication?
Increased thirst, euphoria, confusion, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypertension, mydriasis, tremor, and hyponatremia.
What is typically shown with Phencyclidine PCP intoxication?
Confusion, euphoria, hyperthermia, tachycardia, and hypertension. Aggressiveness and nystagmus is also expected.
What is typically shown with Cocaine intoxication?
Confusion, euphoria, hyperthermia, tachycardia, hypertension, tremor, and bilateral mydriasis.
What is typically shown with Nitric Oxide intoxication?
Confusion, euphoria, tremor.
Typically does not last very long
