Skeleton, Muscle, and Movement

Question 1

Challenges of multicellular organisms

Answer 1

Continuous development

Must have ways to transport materials to sometimes distant cells

Must coordinate with other cells

Cells perform few functions

Cannot survive indiidually

Question 2

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Answer 2

Gene for type 1 collagen is broken

Glue doesn’t hold

Question 3

Advantage of being multucellular

Answer 3

Have more control over the environment in which the cells reside

Question 4

Epithelial tissue

Answer 4

Form the surface of animals and line their body cavities

Question 5

Connective Cells

Answer 5

Produce matrix that support other cells

Question 6

Muscle cells

Answer 6

Contract, give animals ability to move

Question 7

Nerve cells

Answer 7

Transmit signals through body

Question 8

Exoskeleton

Answer 8

Outside of body

Protection and prevent water loss

Question 9

Bone tissue

Answer 9

Connective tissue surrounded by collagen/calcium matrix

Question 10

Calcium minerals

Answer 10

Provide rigidity and strength

Question 11

Collagen

Answer 11

Provides resistance to tension, reduce brittleness

Question 12

What cells produce collagen?

Answer 12

Osteocytes (connective cells)

Question 13

Marrow

Answer 13

Source of blood cells and other important cells (osteocytes)

Question 14

Bone remodelling and what 2 things affect it

Answer 14

Change in thickness

Exercise and hormones

Question 15

How much calcium do we need?

Answer 15

1000 mg/day

Question 16

Cartilage

Answer 16

Support/supplement bone

Nose, ears, rib cage

more flexible

Cells that produce collagen

Question 17

Ligaments

Answer 17

Flexible sheets of tissue

Bone to bone

Question 18

Hydrostatic skeletons

Answer 18

Use fluid pressure to become rigid

tongue

soft bodied animals (worm, jellyfish)

Question 19

Contractile unit of a muscle

Answer 19

Sarcomere

Question 20

Myosin

Answer 20

Head

Question 21

Actin

Answer 21

Z - Disk

Question 22

During muscle contraction…

Answer 22

Myosin heads walk on actin, pull z disks closer together

Shorten, muscle shortens

Question 23

z disk

Answer 23

Where actin filaments attach to, serve as anchoring point of actin in a sarcomere

Question 24

Osteoarthritis

Answer 24

Progressive degenerative condition that wears down cartilage

Question 25

ACL tear

Answer 25

The femur twists one way, tib/fib twists other way

Question 26

Axial Skeleton

Answer 26

Support + protect axis

Skull, spine, ribs

Question 27

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 27

Arms and legs

basically everything else

Question 28

Compact bone

Answer 28

Forms hard, white outer region

Question 29

Spongy bone

Answer 29

Inside, most extensive at knobby ends

Cushion

Question 30

Exercise and bones

Answer 30

More used = larger ridges for attachmentt

Less = increase rate of ostteoclasts

Question 31

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 31

Vertebrate heart. Banded appearance.

Differentiated,

interconnecting branches to produce coordinated contractions

Question 32

Smooth Muscle

Answer 32

Lacks bands. Involuntary Contractions.

Pull plasma membranes, pull in plasma membrane and shrink the size of the cell.

Responsible for digestion, goosebumps.

Question 33

Hypertrophy

Answer 33

Increase in muscle thickness

Question 34

Chitin

Answer 34

tough polysaccharide, interlinked by proteins, forms exoskeletons of anthropods

Question 35

Purpose of streamline shape

Answer 35

Minimize drag, opposes locomotion