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Biology > Neuroscience and The Human Brain > Flashcards

Neuroscience and The Human Brain Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who was Charles Whitman?

A

Stabbed mother and wife to death, climbed a tower and shot people.

Tumor in brain

compressed amygdala, causing changes in emotional regulation and fear/aggression

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2
Q

Pattern of Brain Evolution

A

reptiles - survive/maintain life

Mouse - Instinct/emotion/memory

Primates - Cognition, problem-solving, social skills, art, prediction etc.

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3
Q

What is included in the primitive brainstem?

A

Medulla Oblongata

Cerebellum

Midbrain

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4
Q

Function: Medulla Oblongata

A

Coordinate info

Breathing rate, rhythm, BP, reflex

Biological

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5
Q

Function: Cerebellum

A

Coordinate subconscious regulation of VOLUNTARY movements

Posture and balance

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6
Q

Function: Midbrain

A

Maintain muscle tone

send sensory data to forebrain

Alertness

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7
Q

What is part of the Advanced forebrain?

A

Hypothalamus

Limbic system

Thalamus

Cerebrum

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8
Q

Function: Hypothalamus

A

regulate homeostasis

integrate endocrine system

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9
Q

Function: Limbic System

A

Emotional brain

Olfaction

Memory

INCLUDES AMYGDALA

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10
Q

Function: Thalamus

A

Gateway to consciousness

Relay info to snd from cerebrum

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11
Q

Four lobes of cerebrum

A

Occipital
Frontal
Temporal
Parietal

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12
Q

Where is: Occipital

A

Back

above cerebellum

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13
Q

where is: Temporal

A

Sides

Temples

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14
Q

Where is: Parietal

A

Top of head

Between frontal and occipital

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15
Q

Where is: Frontal

A

Front

Obviously

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16
Q

Function: Cerebrum

A

Cerebral Cortex, neocortex

Capacity to talk

Calculate

Art

Perception

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17
Q

Separation of Cerebral Cortex

A

2 halves

:ongitudinal fissure

extensive connections between halves

Control opposite sides of boddy

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18
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Motor cortex

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19
Q

Post central gyrus

A

Sensory cortex

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20
Q

Define Neuron

A

Specialized electrically excitable cell

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21
Q

Define Dendrite

A

Antenna

Receive information from different cells.

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22
Q

Cell Body

A

Information is Processed

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23
Q

Axons

A

Processed info passed through to other cells

Extension of neuron, carries AP away from body taward other neuron/target

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24
Q

Synapses

A

axon terminal connection

cite of transfer

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25
Q

Why aren’t all cells excitable?

A

Most cells do not contain ion channels, electrical current/AP is impossible

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26
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Molecules slip between phospholipids

Oxygen, water, CO2

Small hydrophillic molecules

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27
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion Facilitated by channel/carrier proteins

channel: Water/ions

carrier: Ions, charged/uncharged particles

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28
Q

Active Transport

A

Energy input required

Carrier proteins

ions, various charged/uncharged molecules

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29
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

At rest, more -ve ions inside cell than outside

-70mV

30
Q

Neuronal Stimulation

A

If sufficiently stimulated, triggers ion channels to open

+ve Na ions can now cross

Depolarization at axon hillock -> AP in axon

31
Q

Action Potentials

A

Self-sustaining electrical signal travelling away from body of neuron

Move only in one direction.

One is not stronger than another

All or none event

32
Q

Myelination

A

Carries signals faster

Myelin = insulating sheath of fatty material produced by glial cells, surrounding axon

33
Q

Define: Nerve

A

Many individual neurons bundled together with supporting cells, blood vessels, connective tissue to form communication pathway

34
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Unmyelinated gaps, site of action potentials

35
Q

Ganglion

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies that serves as a local/regional intergating centre

Between PNS and CNS

35
Q

Which Invertebrates have the most complex brains?

A

Mollusks and Octopi/squid, though vertebrates are more complex

35
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary

36
Q

Glial Cell

A

Support cell, more common

36
Q

How many pairs of nerves are in humans?

A

31

36
Q

Interneurons

A

Only in CNS, primarily in spinal cord

Process/pass info in 3 ways:

  1. Directly to motor neuron
  2. up tto brain for further processing
  3. Both at same time
36
Q

Grey matter

A

Unmyelinated

36
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary

37
Q

Sympathetic

A

Fight or flight

38
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Reduce HR, Relaxation

39
Q

AP CAN ONLY HAPPEN AT

A

Nodes of Ranvier

40
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

Tiny, fluid-filled gap between cells

41
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Muscle Contractions

42
Q

Epinephrine

A

Increase HR and elevate bp
Fight or flight

43
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Stim fight or flight, increase alertness

44
Q

Dopamine

A

affects muscle activity

Pleasure centre

45
Q

Glutamate

A

The common neurotransmitter in invertebrates

Learning, memory

46
Q

GABA

A

Muscle coordination

47
Q

Midbrain

A

Movement, motivation

loss of dopamine here -> parkinsons

48
Q

Hindbrain

A

MO, pons, cerebellum

Subconscious

49
Q

Vision

A

More densely packed retina, crispier image

50
Q

Fovea

A

Centre of retina

more compact,

Crispiest image

51
Q

eyes far apart

A

Good peripheral to see predators

52
Q

eyes close

A

depth perception

53
Q

Hearing

A

Air is compacted, travels at speed of sound, about 1209km/hr, pressure is greater than outside wave, enters ears, mechanoreceptors transform it into electric impulses, processed in brain

54
Q

Loudness of sound reflects:

A

Intensity of pressure changes

55
Q

Outer ear

A

Pinna
Auditory canal
Ear drum
Estachian tube

56
Q

Function: Pinna

A

Curled cartilage

Concentrates sound energy

57
Q

Function: Ear drum

A

Vibrate in response to air pressure, convert energy to movements

58
Q

function: Estaschian Tube

A

Equalizes pressure

middle ear to throat

59
Q

Middle ear

A

Three tiniest bones
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
Basilar membrane

60
Q

Cochlea

A

Coiled, fluid filled tube

61
Q

Organ of corti

A

Inside cochlea, converts mechanical sound into pattern of nerve impulses

62
Q

Function: Basilar Membrane

A

vibrates in response to vibrations in middle ear

Louder = greater movement

63
Q

Function: Vestibule

A

Structure in ear that maintains balance

64
Q

Otoloith

A

Signal direction of gravitational pull

dense crystals of calcium carbonate

65
Q

Vestiubal apparatus

A

3 fluid-fulled sacs

Moves when you rotate you head

Biology (5 decks)

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