Respiratory and Circulation Systems Flashcards
Why do we require a circulatory system?
Organisms more than a few cells thick cannot rely on diffusion
Transport materials between cells
Arteries
Thick-walled, carry blood from HEART to REST OF BODY
Capillaries
Allow exchange of materials between blood and surrounding tissues
veins
Thick walls
Push blood back to heart
Chambers of the heart
Right Atrium: receives blood from the body, pumps blood into the right ventricle.
Right Ventricle: pumps blood to the lungs
Left atrium: Receives blood from the lungs, pumps blood into left ventricle
Left ventricle: pumps blood throughout the body
Lub
created when the one way, valve between the atrium and ventricle shuts
Dub
occurs when the valve between the ventricle and arteries snaps shut
Blood pressure
Represents pressure change in arteries that recieve blood from the left ventricle
Contraction of left = 120
Relax/fill = 80
Plasma
Contains Solutes:
Proteins, amino acids
Glucose, lipids
Ions
Waste products
Xylem
Carry Water
Phleom
Cells in leaf vein, carry sugar
Trunk of tree
Contains dead xylem in a tube shape, phleom
Companion cells
Transport sugars into phleom cells in leaf
Transport of Xylem
H2O evaporates from stomata in the leaves
-ve pressure
Water is pulled into roots
Insects and breathing
Air pumped into trachea
Tracheoles
Diffuse gases directly to cells
Gas exchange in plants
Openings - stomata
Palisade parenchyma: photosynth
Plants version of blood
sap, does not circulate
Cylindrical cells
RBC
Lack a nucleus
Most of blood cells
Packed w/ hemoglobin
Platelets
Small cell fragments
Clump to stop bleeding
Release proteins and clotting factors
Pulmonary Circuit
Blood streaming from heart to lungs and back from lungs to heart
To lungs = depleted o2 and rich in CO2
From = Lots of O and depleted CO2
Systemic Circuit
Deliver O2 to cells and pick up CO2 from them
Exchanged through capillary network
What do they mean by closed system?
- Blood is enclosed in vessels and heart
- Together, two circuits form a closed loop.
Atrium
Upper, thinner walled, push to ventricle below
Ventricle
Lower chamber, thicker, more muscular
Route of blood
O poor blood –> Right atrium –> RV –> Pulmonary circuit –> LV –> Systemic circuit
Systole
Contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
Blood is pumped from atria to ventricles, ventricles to rest of body
Diastole
Relax/refill
SA node
Pacemaker
Specialized cells that control the regularity of the heartbeat, initiating contraction
Where do signals go from the SA node?
AV node with a short delay for proper emptying, then to ventricles
Ribs/diaphragm and breathing
Contract, ribcage moves outward and diaphragm down, increasing volume
Upper respiratory system
Pharynx - back of mouth and nasal cavities
Sinuses - resonating chambers
Lower respiratory system
Windpipe (bronchi and trachea)
Lungs
Brongi/bronchioles
alveoli
Route of air
Nose/mouth > Larynx > Pharynx > Trachea > bronchus > bronchiole > alveolus
What larger animals do as it is not effective for oxygen to dissolve into plasma
Oxygen-binding pigment
Specialized blood cells for tranporting great quantities of these pigment molecules
Pigment molecules
Pigment – has visible colour, and specialized functions
Reversible binding, good at picking up oxygen in high concentrations and dropping it in low
Hemocyanin
Oxygen-binding pigment in some mollusks/anthropods
Blue colour when it binds to oxygen
