Skeleton & Joints (& some ECM) Flashcards
How is cartilage formed and from what cells?
The cells are chondroblasts which secrete ground substance and collagen. These then mature and stay in situ as chondrocytes.
What is ground substance?
A gel substance in the ECM that contains all of the ECM components except for the fibrous materials.
What are the main components of ECM?
- Proteoglycans (formed of glycosaminoglycans)
- Fibrous proteins (including glycoproteins
What are X4 types of fibrous proteins/glycoproteins which make up the fibrous protein part of the ECM?
Collagen
Elastin
Fibronectin
Laminin
What is the process by which blood cells are formed in the bone marrow of bones?
Haematopoiesis
What are the X2 regional parts of the skeleton?
Axial (skulls, vertebrae and ribs)
Appendicular (limbs)
What is a sesamoid bone?
A small bone embedded in a tendon or muscle, usually over a joint (e.g. patella).
What are the different parts of a long bone?
Epiphysis (ends)
Metaphysics (pre-ends)
Diaphysis (middle)
What is the name of the type of cartilage which covers the ends of bones where they meet to form a joint?
What type of cartilage is this?
Articulate cartilage, a form of hyaline cartilage found on the articulate surfaces of bones.
What are the X2 types of bone ossification mechanisms?
Endochondral ossification = replacement with foetal cartilage skeleton with bone.
Intramembranous ossification = replacement of thin connective tissue membrane with bone.
What are the X2 layers of mature bone?
Compact and trabecular (cancellous/sponges)
What are the X3 types of joint?
What is the key characteristic of each type in terms of what unites the two bones involved in that joint?
Fibrous = united by collagen
Cartilaginous = united by cartilage
Synovial = a fluid filled cavity surrounded by a fibrous capsule
Breaking down fibrous joints further, what are the X3 classifications?
Where are each of these found?
Sutures = found between skull bones
Syndesmoses = consist of intraosseous membranes such as the one found between the tibia and fibula
Gomphoses = found between teeth and bone only
What are the X2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Primary and secondary
What is a primary cartilaginous joint also called?
What are it’s characteristics?
Where are some examples found?
Also called synchondroses.
Consists of a solid plate of hyaline cartilage only.
Found at the epiphyseal plate of long bones (between epiphysis and diaphysis) and also at the first sternocostal joint (1st rib and sternum).
