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Funtional Anatomy & Embryology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Which epithelia is most likely to be composed of simple cuboidal cells?

A

Ducts and tubules

  • collecting tubules
  • salivary and pancreatic secretory ducts
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2
Q

Which epithelia is most likely to be composed of simple cuboidal cells?

A

Absorptive surfaces = GI tract and stomach

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3
Q

Which filaments maintain the structure of mcirovilli?

A

Actin filaments

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4
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

They are modified columnar cells which secrete mucous

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5
Q

How do goblet cells stain with H and E stain?

A

Poorly due to mucous being ‘washed out’

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6
Q

Which epithelia is most likely to be composed of pseudostratified epithelia?

A

The respiratory tract

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7
Q

What filaments give cilia their shape and what is the arrangement of these filaments?

A

Cilia have a core or X20microtubules

Arranged of X9 pairs circling a central pair

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8
Q

What are the X4 main layers of the respiratory system?

State what each of these layers contains.

A

1) mucosa
= epithelium
= lamina propria

2) Submucosa
3) cartilage/smooth muscle
4) Adventitia

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9
Q

What type of epithelia are found in the respiratory tract?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelia with cilia and goblet cells

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10
Q

What type of epithelia are found in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelia (non-keratinising)

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11
Q

What type of epithelia does skin have?

A

Stratified squamous epithelia (keratinising)

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12
Q

What does keratinising mean?

How will these appear under microscopy?

A

It means the top layers are dead keratinised cells with no nuclei due to keratins being linked with disulphide bonds

Flat and thin

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13
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

Where is it found?

A

Epithelium that can be distended

Only found in the urinary tract

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14
Q

What colour is the connective tissue when stained?

A

Usually pale as it does not stain well and mainly consists of extra-cellular matrix

It’s few cells are highly scattered (fibroblasts)

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15
Q

In connective tissue, what is ground substance?

A

A watery gel of proteiglycans synthesised from glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s)

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16
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

Proteins embedded in the watery gel ground substance (GAG’s)

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17
Q

What are the main proteins found in the ECM?

A

Elastin
Collagen
Fibronectin
Laminin

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18
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Synthesise ECM (ground substance) and collagen

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19
Q

Other than fibroblasts, what other cells are permanently found in connective tissue?

A

Adipose cells

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20
Q

What are the X3 types of connective tissue?

Give examples of each.

A

1) basal lamina
2) loose (areolar) = mesentery and hypodermis
3) dense

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21
Q

Dense connective tissue is further subdivided into?

Give examples of each.

A

1) regular
= tendon/ligament

2) irregular
= dermis of skin

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22
Q

Which appear thicker under microscopy, collagen or elastic fibres?

A

Collagen fibres

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23
Q

What would dense, regular connective tissue look like?

A

Parallel collagen fibre bundles with fibrocytes in between

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24
Q

What are tendons mainly made from?

A

Collagen fibres

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25
Q

Can skeletal muscle cells divide?

If not what overcomes this?

A

No

Satellite cells

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26
Q

What is the structure of muscle from sarcomeres to the whole muscle?

A

Sarcomeres
Multiple sarcomeres = myofibril
Multiple myofibrils = myofibre (muscle fibres)
Multiple muscle fibres are bound together into fascicles
Fascicles join to make the muscle

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27
Q

Which types of muscle does NOT have gap junctions?

A

Skeletal, the other X2 types do

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28
Q

What would you look for under microscopy to see skeletal muscle?

A
  • striated cells

- multinucleate with nuclei at peripheries

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29
Q

What would you look for under microscopy to see cardiac muscle?

A
  • uninucleate cells with centrally locates nuclei
  • striated
  • intercalated discs
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30
Q

What would you look for under microscopy to see smooth muscle?

A
  • no striations
  • uninucleate with centrally located nucleus
  • spindle shaped cells (tapered ends)
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31
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue which capsules around cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

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32
Q

What cells are located in perichondrium and what do they do?

A

Fibroblasts which produce chondrocytes which themselves produce cartilage

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33
Q

What is growth called when it occurs from the outside in, as seen with chondrocytes synthesising cartilage?

A

A positional growth

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34
Q

Cartilage has X2 types of growth, what are these?

A

Apositional and interstitial growth

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35
Q

What type of growth does bone undergo?

A

Apositional only

36
Q

Where about a do blood vessels run with regards to cartilage?

A

In the perichondrium

37
Q

In haversack systems, what is the name of the central canal which is encircled with bone?

A

Haversian canal

38
Q

What is the name of the concentric circles of bone which surround the Haversian canal?

How many of these surround each canal?

A

Lamellae

4-20

39
Q

What do haversian systems carry?

A

Vessels and nerves

But NOT lymphatics

40
Q

What is an alternative name for the Haversian canals?

A

Osteons

41
Q

What structure connects Haversian canals transversely?

What is their function?

A

Volkman’s canals

Allow blood to pass between Haversian canals

42
Q

What is the name of the remnants of osteons/Haversian canals which are currently ‘turning over, found between fully developed osteons?

A

Interstitial lamellae

43
Q

What are the X2 patterns in which lamellae are laid down within bone?

A

1) Haversian systems

2) circumferential around the edge of bones

44
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small gaps between concentric circles of lamellae collagen which house osteocytes

45
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts (bone matrix secreting cells) which have synthesised matrix then embedded themselves in it

46
Q

What are the small cavities which extend lacuna to lacuna?

A

Canaliculi

47
Q

What bone cells degrade old bone to make room for new osteoblasts?

A

Osteoclasts

48
Q

What are the X4 main layers of the GI tract?

What does each layer contain?

A

1) mucosa
- epithelium
- lamina propria
- muscularis mucosae

2) Submucosa
3) muscularis externa (propria)
4) Adventitia or serosa

49
Q

How would you decide when the Submucosa layer of the GI tract starts under microscopy?

A

The layer becomes much white and fewer cells are apparent

50
Q

How does the epithelium specialisations of the GI tract change as it progresses?

A

1) it begins as protective
2) then turns secretory
3) then absorptive
4) finally returns to protective

51
Q

Which plexus of nerves is found in the Submucosa?

A

Meissner’s plexus

52
Q

What does the muscularis mucosae delineate between?

A

The end of the mucosal layer (1st layer) and the submucosa (2nd layer)

53
Q

What is another name for the muscularis externa?

A

Muscularis propria

54
Q

How many layers does the muscularis externa have?

What are they?

A

1) inner circular layer of muscle

2) outer longitudinal layer of muscle

55
Q

Where is Auerbach’s plexus of nerves situated?

A

Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa layer of the GI tract

56
Q

How thick would the Adventitia / serosa layer appear under microscopy?

A

Thin, almost a small edge!

57
Q

What cells line the Adventitia/serosa?

A

Simple, squamous mesothelium

58
Q

What is the epithelium of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified, squamous epithelium (for protection)

NON-KERATINISING!

59
Q

What does the epithelium change to at the gastro-oesophageal junction?

A

It changes to simple, columnar epithelium

60
Q

Which part of the GI tract has an extra layer?

What is this layer?

A

The stomach

A inner oblique muscle layer within the muscularis externa (is the most inner layer)

61
Q

Which stomach cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

62
Q

Which stomach cells secrete HCl?

A

Parietal cells

63
Q

Which cells of the gastric pit are most likely to line the top and sides of the pit?

A

Neck mucous cells

64
Q

Which cells of the gastric pit are most likely to line the isthmus?

What do these look like under microscopy?

What do they secrete?

A

Partial cells

Like fried eggs, large and round

HCl and intrinsic factor

65
Q

Which cells of the gastric pit are most likely to line the lower regions of the gastric glands?

What do these look like under microscopy?

A

Chief cells

Nasally located nuclei and dense with granules

Pepsinogen

66
Q

What are alternate names for chief cells?

A

Peptic or zymogenic cells (as they contain zymogen granules)

67
Q

What is an alternative name for parietal cells?

A

Oxyntic cells

68
Q

How would identify a specimen between:

1) Caria mucosa or stomach
2) body mucosa of stomach
3) pyloric mucosa of stomach

A

1) Caria mucosa or stomach
= glands are sparse

2) body mucosa of stomach
= glands are densely packed

3) pyloric mucosa of stomach
= very deep pits

69
Q

What is the epithelium of the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar (same as stomach) but with a brush boarder of microvilli (surface specialisation)

70
Q

In the small intestine, what is the difference between plicae circularis and villi?

A

Plica = evaginations of the whole mucosa layer and some of the submucosa

Villi = evaginations of the mucosa layer only

71
Q

What lies between villi in the small intestine?

A

The crypts or leiberkühn

72
Q

What cells are found in the crypts of leiberkühn?

Where are these found within the crypts

What do these do?

What do they look like under microscopy?

A

Paneth cells

Found in the lower 1/3

They release digestive enzymes

They have a nasally located nuclei and stain bright pink!

73
Q

What feature do small intestine epithelia have to prevent digestive enzymes destroying host tissues?

A

Glycocalyx

74
Q

Does the small intestine have goblet cells?

A

Yes

75
Q

Other than paneth cells, what other cells are found deep in the lower 1/3 of the crypts of leiberkühn?

What is their function?

What do they look like under microscopy?

A

Endocrine cells

They release multiple hormones

They stain very light in their cytoplasm

76
Q

What glands are found distinctively in the duodenum?

What do they look like?

A

Brunners glands

They are found in the submucosa but pierce the muscularis mucosae and drain into the crypts

77
Q

What other distinguishing feature does the duodenum have?

A

Leaf shapes villi

78
Q

Does the jejunum have brunners glands?

A

No

79
Q

What do jejunum villi look like?

A

Long, tall and thin (NOT leaf shaped!)

80
Q

What is found in the ileum that is not found in the duodenum and jejunum?

Which layer is this found in?

A

Peyers patches

Then lamina propria

81
Q

What do ileum villi look like?

A

Much shorter

82
Q

What does the appendix look like under microscopy?

A

It has lots of tiny dots (lymphocytes)

83
Q

What does the epithelial layer of the large intestine look like?

A

No villi

Lots of goblet cells for mucous secretion

84
Q

What is different about the muscular layer in the large intestine?

A

Teniae colicand haustra

85
Q

What does the epithelium change to at the ano-rectal junction?

A

Changes to stratified squamous epithelium

86
Q

What will be seen in the muscle layer of the anal canal?

A

The internal and external sphincters

Funtional Anatomy & Embryology (20 decks)

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