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Structure And Function > skeleton > Flashcards

skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

functions of skeletal system

A
  • support
  • body shape
  • protects vital organs e.g. skull and vertebral column
  • important of haematopoiesis (formation of blood cellular components)
    • RBC formation and protects RBC and WBC
  • mineral store for calcium and phosphates (metabolic processes and hormonal demand)
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2
Q

the 2 functional parts of the skeletal system

A

Axial skeleton

appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

describe axial skeleton

A

bones of head, neck and trunk

  • located in midline
  • flat and long bones
  • protection (vital organs)
  • forms attachment for muscles that move arms/legs
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4
Q

describe appendicular skeleton

A

bones of limbs inc pectoral and pelvic girdles (attaches limbs to central body)

  • upper limbs = dexterity
  • lower limbs = support and movement
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5
Q

how many bones in the body

A

206

350 but fuse over time (stops late 20s/early 30s)

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6
Q

long bone

A

found in limbs

leavers = longitudinal forces

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7
Q

short bones

A

cuboidal
found only in tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)
support
small movement between collection of them

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8
Q

flat bones

A

protective functions e.g. cranium
large SA for muscle attachment
normally slightly curved

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9
Q

irregular bones

A

unusual shapes

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10
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • develop in certain tendons and located where tendons cross the end of long bones in the limbs
  • protect tendons from excessive wear
  • change the angle of tendons as they pass to their attachments
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11
Q

the types of bone cells

A

osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

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12
Q

osteoblasts

A
  • immature bone cells
  • on bones surface (periosteum and some in endosteum)
  • secrete organic bone matrix: turns osteoids to bone via calcification
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13
Q

osteoclasts

A
  • secrete acids and enzymes that remove bone by reabsorbing
  • multinucleate and derived from monocytes (WBCs)
  • in the endosteum
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14
Q

osteocytes

A
  • mature bone cell
  • stellate (starshaped) processes stick out into bone matrix
  • sense loading: communicate with osteoclasts to absorb more or less
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15
Q

osteoporosis

A

when the bone becomes too hollow. number of osteoclasts too high

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16
Q

osteopetrosis

A

bone becomes too thick. number of osteoclasts too low

17
Q

diaphysis

A

the central part of the bone/shaft

18
Q

epiphysis

A

the end of the long bone

19
Q

metaphysis

A

where diaphysis meets the epiphysis. often has growth plate that allows elongation of the bone during maturity

20
Q

medullary cavity

A

hollow centre of the bone that contains yellow marrow

21
Q

endosteum

A

connective tissue between the bone and medullary cavity

-highly cellular

22
Q

periosteum

A

connective tissue on the outside of the bone

  • vascular and fibrous
  • important in healing e.g. during fractures
23
Q

compact bone

A

varies in thickness

24
Q

spongey bone

A

strong and minimises weight

tend to follow lines and these are called trabeculae

25
Q

trabeculae

A

aligned along lines of principle stress

-help to take load and prevents from bending

26
Q

wolffs law of functional adaptation

A

trabeculae can evolve depending on individuals own direction of stressors

27
Q

describe bone matrix

A

67% inorganic
-causes rigidity
-without inorganic (addition of vinegar) = bones overly flexible and cant support weight
33% organic (90% of the collagen)
- without organic (addition of bleach) bones too brittle and would snap with force

28
Q

joint types

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

29
Q

fibrous joints

A
  • collagen (DFCT) between the 2 pieces of bone

- allows for little movement e.g. used at sutures between bones of skull

30
Q

cartilaginous joints

A
  • cartilage between 2 bones
  • hyaline cartilage = not much movement
  • fibrocartilage = more movement
31
Q

synovial joints

A
  • gives the most movement
  • 2 ends of the bone aren’t in contact (lined by hyaline cartilage: causes arthritis when hyaline wears away)
  • has synovial cavity containing synovial fluid
32
Q

describe the ribs

A

12 pairs total
7 true: attached to sternum
5 false: attach indirectly or not attached to sternum
- 2 floating

33
Q

the vertebral column

A
  • support and flexibility for head and appendicular skeleton
  • contains and protects spinal cord
  • 4 curvatures: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5) and sacral/coccyx : isn’t present at birth, instead c shaped
34
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

small body = little weight bearing/ range of movement
develops as you learn to hold up your head
1st cervical vertebrae: Atlas C1
- hold up head
-doesn’t have central body
2nd cervical vertebrae: Axis C2
-has long process
articulation between the 2 allow you to shake head

35
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

large body = weight bearing

develops when you learn to walk

36
Q

describe the skull

A

contains and protects brain
separate bones fused together by sutures
approx. 22 bones all together

Structure And Function (10 decks)

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