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Structure And Function > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the position of the heart

A

In chest cavity behind the sternum
Mostly centre left, between the lungs in the mediastinum (heart bulges, therefore left lung smaller than right)
On top of diaphragm
Kept in position by pericardium and large blood vessels entering and leaving
Rich side of heart sat in front of the left side

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2
Q

What is living/surface anatomy

A

What you can see when looking at the body surface

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3
Q

Describe the pericardium

A

Fibrous bag that encloses the heart
Consists of:
Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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4
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Outer layer

Is tough = prevents too much blood entering the heart

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5
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Is wet/slippery
Consists of 2 layers
Parietal = lines the fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer = lines the heart
Serous layers slide easily within fibrous layer and they are both continous with eachother

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6
Q

Pericarditis

A

Denotes inflammation of the serous pericardium layers = prevents movement

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7
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

As a person gets older it is harder to pumps the blood round the body so heart muscles must be larger.
May get to a point where muscle has filled all available space but still isn’t strong enough
Causes the heart to expand inwards which makes it worse = cycle

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8
Q

How is movement aided in the pericardium by the heart

A

Is covered in a layer of fat = smooth surface

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9
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk

A

Common vessel that splits heart into left and right

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10
Q

Describe the right atrium

A

Thin walled
Receives blood from superior vena Cana (blood from hear, arms and thorax) and inferior (lower parts of the body)
Coronary sinus (large vein) = blood from heart walls

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11
Q

Describe the right ventricle

A

Thick walled
Receives blood form atrium
Pumps blood to pulmonary trunk and lungs
Tricuspid valve between atrium and ventricle
Semilunar valve between ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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12
Q

Left atrium

A

Thin walled

Receives 2 pulmonary veins from each lung

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13
Q

Left ventricle

A

Very thick wall
Blood from atrium via bicuspid valve
Blood to aorta via semilunar valve
Coronary arteries just above semilunar valves

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14
Q

Describe the foramen ovale

A

Site of flap like valve between L and R atria
Used when foetus and the lungs are not used (blood oxygenated by placenta)
Foremen closes during newborns first breath and seals (sometimes doesn’t = hole in heart)

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15
Q

Describe the ductus arteriosus

A

When foetus the valve like stricture allows blood to bypass lungs

Connects trunk of pulmonary artery to proximal descending aorta

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16
Q

Locate the valves of the heart

A

R atrium to R ventricle = tricuspid valve
L atrium to L ventricle = bicuspid valve
R atrium coronary sinus = prevents backlog into coronary veins when atrium contracts
R ventricle and pulmonary trunk = semilunar valve
L ventricle and aorta = semilunar valve

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17
Q

What are chordates tendinae

A

Strings that connect valve to the heart muscle

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart

A

Endocardium (lining)
Myocardium (muscle)
Epicardium/visceral pericardium (outside)

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19
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Appears ridged due to underlying bundles of muscle fibres

Made up of endothelium and underlying connective tissues

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20
Q

Describe the myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle fibres and connective tissue
Heart muscle fibres made of individ cells and connect end to end. Cells are Y shaped so one cell connect to two others = contractile sheet
Muscle is striated = highly organised

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21
Q

Describe cell junctions in the heart

A

Adherens junction link actin (indirectly through the membrane)
Desmosomes link intermediate filaments
Gap junctions allow cell-cell communication

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22
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system

A

Distribute nutrients
Suppport metabolism
Distribute water and electrolytes
Transport and distribute hormones

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23
Q

Describe an open circulatory system

A

Fluid open to body cavities and cells
Incomplete system of vessels
Circulating fluid = haemolymph
Haemolymph flows through the vessels into intercellular spaces
May be propelled by heart
Gets drawn back into the heart via relaxation dune to neg pressure

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24
Q

Describe a closed circulatory system

A

Fluid enclosed within the system and doesn’t contact cells directly
Higher pressure system and more efficient that open circulatory
Heart propels blood
Diffusion occurs at interstitial fluid in capillary beds

25
Q

How do closed circulatory systems vary between species?

A

Anatomy of the heart (no. Of chamber and arrangement of flow)
Circulation patterns may vary

26
Q

Requirements of an efficient circulatory system

A

Efficient o2 carriers in blood/haemolymph
Efficient gas exchange mechanisms
Efficient delivery of o2
- diversification of oxygenated fluids to systemic organs and deoxygenated fluids to respiratory organs
- fast flow of fluids

27
Q

Flow rate equation

A

Pressure difference (from entrance to exit of vessel) / radius

28
Q

Resistance equation

A

R = 8nl / pi r4

r = radius
Resistance directly proportional to the 4th power of the radius

29
Q

Pressure difference in closed and open circulatory systems

A 
Closed = pressure difference high and radius low 
Open = pressure difference low and radius high
30
Q

What are some key functions of the mammalian cardiovascular system

A

Distribute o2 and nutrients
Transport co2 and remove metabolic waste products
Distribute water, electrolytes and hormones
Thermoregulation
Immune system infrastructure

31
Q

Describe arteries

A

small and thick walled with smooth muscle

Can constrict and relax to change resistance and will change patter of blood flow to capillary beds

32
Q

Describe the general structure of blood vessels

A 
3 fundamental layers
Tunica intima (inner most layer) 
Tunica media (middle)
Tunica Adventitia (outer most layer)
33
Q

Describe the tunica intimita

A

Inner most layer of the blood vessel

Endothelium with connective tissue

34
Q

Describe the tunica media

A

The middle layer of the blood vessel

Has boundaries of elastic fibres: internal and external elastic lamina

35
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia

A

Connective tissue sheath around the whole structure

Enables vessel to interact with surrounding tissues

36
Q

Describe elastic fibres

A

Wavy and wrap around the vessel

High pressure blood enters = needs to stretch

37
Q

Describe the fenestrated laminae in elastic artery

A

They are holes in the elastic artery as the walls are quite thick

38
Q

How is blood supplied to large arteries

A

Walls are thick so has blood vessels within the arteries = vasa vasora

39
Q

Describe arterioles

A

Has the 3 same layers as blood vessels
Is classified as arterioles if their diameter is less than 100um
Smooth muscle cells may wrap around from arteriole root of capillary = can control flow to capillary

40
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Small vessel = only 1 rbc can fit at a time
Some are smaller than 1 rbc = why red blood cells are concave, so they can deform easily to fit
Nothing in the walls apart from endothelial cells

41
Q

What are the 3 types of endothelium cells

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

42
Q

Describe continuous endothelium cells

A

Most common form
Is a full complete boundary = no gaps
Has basal lamina underneath

43
Q

Describe fenestrated endothelium cells

A

Has pores within the cells
Easier to get molecules from one side to another
E.g. endocrine organs where hormones are released into blood stream

44
Q

Describe discontinuous endothelium cells

A

Cells dont quite fit together
Is used where cells needs to be able to get in or out of the bloodstream
E.g. blood marrow or loose connective tissues

45
Q

Describe the sinusoid

A

Has a really thin wall
Diameter can fit several red blood cells at once
Has a discontinuous endothelium

46
Q

Describe lymph nodes

A

Lymphatic system drains tissue fluid from surrounding cells and returns it to the blood
Lymph passes through multiple lymph nodes, rich in lymphoid tissue
If something gets into lymph then the white blood cells in the lymph nodes will deal with the disease

47
Q

Flow rate equation

A

Driving force / resistance

48
Q

How to calculate resistance (or conductance) of whole system

A

Add the sum of resistance (or conductance) all individual elements

49
Q

What are the functions of arteries

A
  • Conduit for blood to capillary beds
  • Act as pressure reservoir to drive blood into arterioles
  • Damp oscillations in pressure and flow
  • Control differential distribution to organs and tissues
50
Q

What are the functions of veins

A
  • Conduit for blood to return to heart
  • act as blood reservoir
  • flow influenced by external factors
51
Q

Extrinsic factors that alter smooth muscle tone

A

Neurotransmitters

Hormones

52
Q

Intrinsic factors that alter smooth muscle tone

A

Endothelium derived substances

Metabolites and related factors

Other locally produced factors

53
Q

What is the function of vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arteries

A

Regulates and distributes blood flow to different organs and tissues

54
Q

How to measure blood pressure

A

Place cuff round arm and get to 120 = diastole and systole cut off

Slowly reduce the pressure, should be able to hear the pulse of blood (systole is open but not diastole)

Once the sound is no longer audible = blood pressure rate

55
Q

Describe how patterns of blood flow cause it to be audible

A

Normal blood flow = laminar which is silent

When pressure is placed on blood vessels (e.g. cuff when measuring blood pressure) = obstruction that causes turbulent blood flow. This is audible

56
Q

What is total fluid energy

A
  • Potential energy acquired from beating of the heart
  • kinetic energy of the fluid itself
  • potential energy of the fluid that it possesses because of its position in the gravitational field

Fluid flows from high fluid energy to low fluid energy

57
Q

Effects of gravity (stature and posture) on blood flow

A

Above the heart arterial pressure decreases with height

Below the heart, fluid column effects increase the arterial pressure (can cause blood to pool in legs if stood up for too long)

58
Q

How does a giraffe maintain circulation

A

When stood up right the vessels in lower border undergo vasoconstriction

When it lowers its neck the blood vessels in its lower body undergo vasodilation

Structure And Function (10 decks)

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