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Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the position of the heart

A

In chest cavity behind the sternum
Mostly centre left, between the lungs in the mediastinum (heart bulges, therefore left lung smaller than right)
On top of diaphragm
Kept in position by pericardium and large blood vessels entering and leaving
Rich side of heart sat in front of the left side

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2
Q

What is living/surface anatomy

A

What you can see when looking at the body surface

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3
Q

Describe the pericardium

A

Fibrous bag that encloses the heart
Consists of:
Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

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4
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Outer layer

Is tough = prevents too much blood entering the heart

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5
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Is wet/slippery
Consists of 2 layers
Parietal = lines the fibrous pericardium
Visceral layer = lines the heart
Serous layers slide easily within fibrous layer and they are both continous with eachother

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6
Q

Pericarditis

A

Denotes inflammation of the serous pericardium layers = prevents movement

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7
Q

Congestive heart failure

A

As a person gets older it is harder to pumps the blood round the body so heart muscles must be larger.
May get to a point where muscle has filled all available space but still isn’t strong enough
Causes the heart to expand inwards which makes it worse = cycle

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8
Q

How is movement aided in the pericardium by the heart

A

Is covered in a layer of fat = smooth surface

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9
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk

A

Common vessel that splits heart into left and right

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10
Q

Describe the right atrium

A

Thin walled
Receives blood from superior vena Cana (blood from hear, arms and thorax) and inferior (lower parts of the body)
Coronary sinus (large vein) = blood from heart walls

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11
Q

Describe the right ventricle

A

Thick walled
Receives blood form atrium
Pumps blood to pulmonary trunk and lungs
Tricuspid valve between atrium and ventricle
Semilunar valve between ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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12
Q

Left atrium

A

Thin walled

Receives 2 pulmonary veins from each lung

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13
Q

Left ventricle

A

Very thick wall
Blood from atrium via bicuspid valve
Blood to aorta via semilunar valve
Coronary arteries just above semilunar valves

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14
Q

Describe the foramen ovale

A

Site of flap like valve between L and R atria
Used when foetus and the lungs are not used (blood oxygenated by placenta)
Foremen closes during newborns first breath and seals (sometimes doesn’t = hole in heart)

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15
Q

Describe the ductus arteriosus

A

When foetus the valve like stricture allows blood to bypass lungs

Connects trunk of pulmonary artery to proximal descending aorta

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16
Q

Locate the valves of the heart

A

R atrium to R ventricle = tricuspid valve
L atrium to L ventricle = bicuspid valve
R atrium coronary sinus = prevents backlog into coronary veins when atrium contracts
R ventricle and pulmonary trunk = semilunar valve
L ventricle and aorta = semilunar valve

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17
Q

What are chordates tendinae

A

Strings that connect valve to the heart muscle

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart

A

Endocardium (lining)
Myocardium (muscle)
Epicardium/visceral pericardium (outside)

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19
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Appears ridged due to underlying bundles of muscle fibres

Made up of endothelium and underlying connective tissues

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20
Q

Describe the myocardium

A

Cardiac muscle fibres and connective tissue
Heart muscle fibres made of individ cells and connect end to end. Cells are Y shaped so one cell connect to two others = contractile sheet
Muscle is striated = highly organised

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21
Q

Describe cell junctions in the heart

A

Adherens junction link actin (indirectly through the membrane)
Desmosomes link intermediate filaments
Gap junctions allow cell-cell communication

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22
Q

What are the functions of the circulatory system

A

Distribute nutrients
Suppport metabolism
Distribute water and electrolytes
Transport and distribute hormones

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23
Q

Describe an open circulatory system

A

Fluid open to body cavities and cells
Incomplete system of vessels
Circulating fluid = haemolymph
Haemolymph flows through the vessels into intercellular spaces
May be propelled by heart
Gets drawn back into the heart via relaxation dune to neg pressure

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24
Q

Describe a closed circulatory system

A

Fluid enclosed within the system and doesn’t contact cells directly
Higher pressure system and more efficient that open circulatory
Heart propels blood
Diffusion occurs at interstitial fluid in capillary beds

25
How do closed circulatory systems vary between species?
Anatomy of the heart (no. Of chamber and arrangement of flow) Circulation patterns may vary
26
Requirements of an efficient circulatory system
Efficient o2 carriers in blood/haemolymph Efficient gas exchange mechanisms Efficient delivery of o2 - diversification of oxygenated fluids to systemic organs and deoxygenated fluids to respiratory organs - fast flow of fluids
27
Flow rate equation
Pressure difference (from entrance to exit of vessel) / radius
28
Resistance equation
R = 8nl / pi r4 r = radius Resistance directly proportional to the 4th power of the radius
29
Pressure difference in closed and open circulatory systems
``` Closed = pressure difference high and radius low Open = pressure difference low and radius high ```
30
What are some key functions of the mammalian cardiovascular system
Distribute o2 and nutrients Transport co2 and remove metabolic waste products Distribute water, electrolytes and hormones Thermoregulation Immune system infrastructure
31
Describe arteries
small and thick walled with smooth muscle | Can constrict and relax to change resistance and will change patter of blood flow to capillary beds
32
Describe the general structure of blood vessels
``` 3 fundamental layers Tunica intima (inner most layer) Tunica media (middle) Tunica Adventitia (outer most layer) ```
33
Describe the tunica intimita
Inner most layer of the blood vessel | Endothelium with connective tissue
34
Describe the tunica media
The middle layer of the blood vessel | Has boundaries of elastic fibres: internal and external elastic lamina
35
Describe the tunica adventitia
Connective tissue sheath around the whole structure | Enables vessel to interact with surrounding tissues
36
Describe elastic fibres
Wavy and wrap around the vessel | High pressure blood enters = needs to stretch
37
Describe the fenestrated laminae in elastic artery
They are holes in the elastic artery as the walls are quite thick
38
How is blood supplied to large arteries
Walls are thick so has blood vessels within the arteries = vasa vasora
39
Describe arterioles
Has the 3 same layers as blood vessels Is classified as arterioles if their diameter is less than 100um Smooth muscle cells may wrap around from arteriole root of capillary = can control flow to capillary
40
Describe capillaries
Small vessel = only 1 rbc can fit at a time Some are smaller than 1 rbc = why red blood cells are concave, so they can deform easily to fit Nothing in the walls apart from endothelial cells
41
What are the 3 types of endothelium cells
Continuous Fenestrated Discontinuous
42
Describe continuous endothelium cells
Most common form Is a full complete boundary = no gaps Has basal lamina underneath
43
Describe fenestrated endothelium cells
Has pores within the cells Easier to get molecules from one side to another E.g. endocrine organs where hormones are released into blood stream
44
Describe discontinuous endothelium cells
Cells dont quite fit together Is used where cells needs to be able to get in or out of the bloodstream E.g. blood marrow or loose connective tissues
45
Describe the sinusoid
Has a really thin wall Diameter can fit several red blood cells at once Has a discontinuous endothelium
46
Describe lymph nodes
Lymphatic system drains tissue fluid from surrounding cells and returns it to the blood Lymph passes through multiple lymph nodes, rich in lymphoid tissue If something gets into lymph then the white blood cells in the lymph nodes will deal with the disease
47
Flow rate equation
Driving force / resistance
48
How to calculate resistance (or conductance) of whole system
Add the sum of resistance (or conductance) all individual elements
49
What are the functions of arteries
- Conduit for blood to capillary beds - Act as pressure reservoir to drive blood into arterioles - Damp oscillations in pressure and flow - Control differential distribution to organs and tissues
50
What are the functions of veins
- Conduit for blood to return to heart - act as blood reservoir - flow influenced by external factors
51
Extrinsic factors that alter smooth muscle tone
Neurotransmitters | Hormones
52
Intrinsic factors that alter smooth muscle tone
Endothelium derived substances Metabolites and related factors Other locally produced factors
53
What is the function of vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arteries
Regulates and distributes blood flow to different organs and tissues
54
How to measure blood pressure
Place cuff round arm and get to 120 = diastole and systole cut off Slowly reduce the pressure, should be able to hear the pulse of blood (systole is open but not diastole) Once the sound is no longer audible = blood pressure rate
55
Describe how patterns of blood flow cause it to be audible
Normal blood flow = laminar which is silent When pressure is placed on blood vessels (e.g. cuff when measuring blood pressure) = obstruction that causes turbulent blood flow. This is audible
56
What is total fluid energy
- Potential energy acquired from beating of the heart - kinetic energy of the fluid itself - potential energy of the fluid that it possesses because of its position in the gravitational field Fluid flows from high fluid energy to low fluid energy
57
Effects of gravity (stature and posture) on blood flow
Above the heart arterial pressure decreases with height Below the heart, fluid column effects increase the arterial pressure (can cause blood to pool in legs if stood up for too long)
58
How does a giraffe maintain circulation
When stood up right the vessels in lower border undergo vasoconstriction When it lowers its neck the blood vessels in its lower body undergo vasodilation

Structure And Function (10 decks)

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