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ANATOMY > Skeleton > Flashcards

Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is Compact Bone

A

Dense bone filled with osteons.
Resists Compression
Outer, smooth layer that we see.

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2
Q

Spongy Bone

A

Honeycomb structure of needle like structures. Spaces are also known as trabeculae and are filled with yellow or red bone marrow

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3
Q

What is the mesh of bony spine called

A

Trabeculae

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4
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage(thoracic cavity)

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5
Q

What’s the appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of limbs and girdles. ( Shoulder bones and hip bones) Movement and manipulation of environment

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6
Q

What’s a long bone and example

A

Longer than is wide usually limb bones like a femur or phalanges (even if small they are long).

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7
Q

What’s a short bone/ example

A

Roughly cubed shape. Ex: Tarsal and Carpal.

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8
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A

Type of short bone formed in tendons. Can alter direction or suppress friction/modify pressure.

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9
Q

Flat bone and example

A

Thin, flattened bone like sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most cranial bones.

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10
Q

Irregular Bones and example

A

Complicated shapes that don’t match other classes. Like vertebrae and coxal bones.

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11
Q

Appositional Growth

A

New matrix against previous matrix Cartilage and bone grow this way.

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12
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Chondrocytes replicate and create new matrix from within. Only happens with cartilage.

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13
Q

Hematopoietic Tissue and where it’s found

A

Tissue that makes blood cells
Infant: red bone marrow in medullary cavity and spongy bone
Adults: Cavities between trabeculae in sternum flat bones, hip bones vertebrae, and heads of femur and humerus

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14
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cell

A

Stem cells - differentiate into osteoblasts,cytes, and class ( flattened squamous cells)

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15
Q

Osteoblast

A

Synthesizes bone matrix and helps bone grow secrete ground collagen

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16
Q

Osteocyte

A

Maintains bone matrix. Is a mature bone cell

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17
Q

Osteoclast

A

Bone resorption same WBC as macrophage

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18
Q

Osteon

A

Found in compact bone and is the tunnel where nerves, and blood vessels run through.

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19
Q

Lamella

A

Matrix tube around osteon, helps withstand torsional stresses.

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20
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A

Extend around the diaphysis. Lamellae around the whole bone.

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21
Q

Lacunae

A

Spaces where osteocytes occupy

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22
Q

Canaliculi

A

Thin crack like canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal (osteon)

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23
Q

Hydroxyapatites

A

Mineral salts, mostly calcium phosphates
Why bones are left when someone dies (takes longer to decompose)

24
Q

Ossification/ Osteogenesis

A

Bone tissue formation. Plays a role in skeletal development in embryos and bone growth later. Also for remodeling and repair

25
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone replaces hyaline cartilage. Uses hyaline cartilage model bones as a model for bone construction.

26
Q

Membranous Bone

A

Develops from fibrous membrane.

27
Q

Steps to endochondral Ossification

A

1st: Bone Collar forms
2nd: Cartilage calcified in center of diaphysis
3rd: periosteal bud invades and spongy bone
4th: diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity formed
5th: epiphysis ossifies

28
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

Marrow cavity with no bone tissue and contains yellow marrow in adults.

29
Q

Postnatal Bone growth steps

A

1st: Proliferation Zone - Cells at top multiply push epiphysis
2nd: Hypertrophic - older cartilage cells stack and enlarge
3rd: Calcification Zone - chondrocytes die and blood vessels invade (matrix deteriorates)
4th: Ossification - new bone formed by osteoblasts.

30
Q

Intra membranous ossification and steps

A

1: Ossification center develops in connective fibrous tissue
2: Osteon secreted and calcified
3: immature spongy bone and periosteum form
4: Compact bone replaces immature bone and red marrow develops

31
Q

Step 1 of Fracture Repair

A

Hematoma Forms ( blood clots)

32
Q

Step 2 of Fracture Repair

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus forms because of chondroblasts and fibroblasts

33
Q

Step 3 Fracture Repair

A

Hard callus forms new bone develops from osteoblasts.

34
Q

Step 4 of Fracture Repair

A

Bone Remodeling - osteoblasts make compact bone and bone is almost identical to pre-fracture bone.

35
Q

Type of fracture in which bone fragments into 3 or 4 pieces. Common with aging

A

Comminuted Fracture

36
Q

Bone is crushed. From extreme trauma

A

Compression

37
Q

Broken from twisting bone. Ragged break

A

Spiral Fracture

38
Q

Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate

A

Epiphysis Fracture

39
Q

Dent in the fracture. (Bone pushed inwards)

A

Depressed Fracture

40
Q

One side of shaft breaks kind of like a crack. Common in children

A

Green stick fracture

41
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Bone disorders which result from lack of minerals. Inadequate calcium salts.

42
Q

Rickets

A

Ends of long bone enlarge in children. Caused by deficient vitamin D

43
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Bone resorption outpaced bone deposition resulting in declining bone mass

44
Q

What can contribute to osteoporosis?

A

Lack of Vit D or protein
Smoking
Genetics
Less androgens and estrogen
Insufficient bone streds

45
Q

Coronal Suture

A

Suture between parietal and frontal bone

46
Q

Parietal meets superiorly at cranial midline

A

Sagittal

47
Q

Lamboid

A

Where parietal meets occipital posteriorly

48
Q

Squamous

A

Where parietal and temporal meet laterally

49
Q

Keystone bone of cranium

A

Sphenoid

50
Q

Ethmoid

A

Lies between sphenoid and nasal bones.

51
Q

Mandible

A

Chin bone or lower jawbone ( strongest bone of the face)

52
Q

Maxillae

A

Keystone bones of facial skeleton. Upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton.

53
Q

Zygomatic bones

A

Cheekbones

54
Q

Lacrimal Bone

A

Medial wall of orbit behind nasal bone. Wear tear sacs are.

55
Q

Hyoid

A

Only bone that isn’t articulated(connected) to other bones

56
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Container in ethmoid, sphenoid, Frontal, maxillary

57
Q

Vertebral Column in order:

A

Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccyx: 4

ANATOMY (9 decks)

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