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LBBIO 2 > SKELETON > Flashcards

SKELETON Flashcards

1
Q

essential part of the body of every vertebrate animal.

A

skeleton

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2
Q

two types of skeleton:

A

exoskeleton and endoskeleton

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3
Q

consists of the hardened bony or horny structures that develop in the skin and provides external protection to the animal.

A

exoskeleton

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4
Q

in nature, and consists almost entirely of bone and cartilage

A

endoskeleton

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5
Q

Osteocytes trapped in lacunae in the matrix due to the deposition of calcium salts around them

A

Compact Bone

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6
Q

presents a lesser degree of organization than compact bone. Its outstanding feature is a series of branching, overlapping plates of matrix called trabeculae.

A

Spongy bone or cancellous bone

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7
Q

overlapping plates of matrix , These plates are oriented so as to produce large, interconnecting cave-like spaces. These spaces function well in storage and as pockets to hold the blood-forming cells (hemopoietic tissue) of the bone marrow. They also function in weight reduction.

A

trabeculae

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8
Q

composed of all endoskeletal structures located at the center or axis of the body

A

Axial Endoskeleton

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9
Q

Axial Endoskeleton parts

A

i. Skull
ii. Visceral skeleton
iii. Vertebral column and ribs (it lacks true ribs)
iv. Sternum

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10
Q

consists of all endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages.

A

Appendicular Endoskeleton

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11
Q

Appendicular Endoskeleton parts

A

i. Girdles
* Pectoral girdle
* Pelvic girdle
ii. Bones of the limbs
* Forelimbs
* Hindlimbs

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12
Q

a pair of flat, triangular-shaped bones on the dorsal surface of the skull just behind the nares

A

nasal bones

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13
Q

Immediately posterior to the nasal is a median, single irregularly shaped bone

A

sphenethmoid

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14
Q

two long, slender, flat bones, just behind the sphenethmoid. These may be fused that they appear as a single bone. cover most of the brain; they become wide at their Posterior end,

A

frontoparietals

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15
Q

where frontoparietals joinj and closes the inner ears

A

prootics

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16
Q

posterior end of the skull is a large opening through which the spinal cord passes

A

foramen magnum

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17
Q

Surrounding the posterior part of the brain is a bone called

A

exoccipital

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18
Q

prominent bone project from the exoccipital

A

occipital condyles

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19
Q

paired, short, teeth-bearing bones that form the anterior most edge of the upper jaw.

A

premaxillae

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20
Q

paired curved teeth-bearing bones, forming the margin of the jaw. These are the longest bones of the upper jaw. These are wide in front where the premaxillae articulate.

A

maxillae

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21
Q

Short bones make up the posterior part of the upper jaw, but unlike the premaxilla and maxilla, these do not bear teeth.

A

quadratojugals

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22
Q

Extending upward from these bones to the prootics, each shaped in the form of a hammer and serves as a brace between the cranium and the posterior portion of the jaws to support the cartilaginous auditory region.

A

squamosals

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23
Q

Notice the two large openings, where the eyeballs are located

A

orbits or eye socket

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24
Q

wing-shaped bones in the roof of the mouth just posterior to the premaxillae.

A

vomers

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25
Q

The ventral surface of each vomer bears

A

vomerine teeth

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26
Q

slender, rod-like bones on the lower side of the cranium just posterior to the vomers, They extend laterally from near the medium line to the maxillae.

A

Palatine

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27
Q

dagger-shaped single bone that forms the floor of the cranium

A

parasphenoid

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28
Q

three-rayed bone serves as braces; each one is located beneath the squamosal, that articulate with the maxillary, the prootic and the quadratojugal.

A

pterygoid

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29
Q

endoskeletal structure derived from the gill arches and in the frog

A

Visceral Skeleton

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30
Q

Visceral Skeleton parts

A

(a) the upper and lower jaws, (b) hyoid apparatus and (c) the cartilages that support the ventral wall of the larynx or voice box

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31
Q

anterior tip consists of two small bones that unite the two halves of the jaw.

A

mentomeckelian

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32
Q

thin plate of bone that articulates with the mentomeckelian in front and is joined to the outer surface of the anterior part of the angulosplenial.

A

dentary

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33
Q

strong bone forming the inner and ventral part of each posterior half of the mandible

A

angulosplenial

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34
Q

Angulosplenial is expanded into a medially projecting process

A

coronoid process

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35
Q

lies in the floor of the mouth. It is cartilaginous except for the two bony processes and supports the tongue and the larynx. It is a very important support for the muscles used in respiratory movements of the mouth. It is usually absent in prepared skeletons.

A

hyoid apparatus

36
Q

flattened median region of the hyoid apparatus

A

body of the hyoid

37
Q

Extending as a pair of lateral expansions on the anterior side of the body of the hyoid apparatus

A

alary processes

38
Q

pair of longer, horn-like cartilages arising from the antero-medial border of the alary processes

A

anterior cornua

39
Q

A pair of pointed but shorter horn-like cartilages, arises from the postero-lateral border of the body of the hyoid

A

posterior cornua

40
Q

Medial to the posterior cornua is a pair of elongated bony processes

A

thyroid processes

41
Q

very specialized, due to the shortening of the trunk of the body, consists of ten vertebrae

A

The Vertebral Column

42
Q

is specialized for articulation with the skull by means of two large facets or depressions, which receive the occipital condyles of the skull

43
Q

strongest on the third and fourth vertebrae where they support the attachments of large and powerful muscles

A

fused ribs

44
Q

support weaker muscles and are therefore more slender

A

Posterior vertebrae

45
Q

The centra of the first seven vertebrae are ____, which means they are concave in front and convex behind

A

procoelous

46
Q

both ends concave, The eighth vertebra

A

amphicoelous

47
Q

extending laterally from the centrum

A

transverse processes

48
Q

Two pairs of articulating processes called, seen extending forward and backward from the neural arch. join or connect adjacent vertebrae

A

zygapophyses

49
Q

directed upward

A

prezygapophyses

50
Q

directed downward

A

postzygapophyses

51
Q

specialized transverse processes for articulation with the ilia of the pelvic girdle

A

ninth or sacral vertebra

52
Q

both ends are flat

53
Q

vertebral column is continued beyond the sacral region by the ____. conspicuous dorsal keel, and also a hollow canal, best seen from the anterior end, into which the spinal cord continues.

54
Q

consists of a series of bones and cartilages which encircle the body and provide support for the forelimbs.

A

pectoral girdle

55
Q

dorsally located broad, flattened cartilage

A

suprascapula

56
Q

Ventral to the suprascapula, bone corresponding to the human shoulder blade.

57
Q

Postero-lateral to the scapula is a cup-shaped depression, serves to receive the head of the upper arm bone

A

glenoid fossa

58
Q

ventral side of the girdle, the midventral region is a pair of small bones join the identical halves of the pectoral girdle

A

epicoracoid

59
Q

space found lateral to the epicoracoid

60
Q

collar bone in human, which is a slender bone anterior to the fenestra.

61
Q

broader bone is found posterior to the fenestra

62
Q

composed of four bones and cartilages, closely associated with the clavicle and coracoid of the shoulder girdle

A

sternum or breastbone

63
Q

Projecting anteriorly from the clavicles is a flat cartilage

A

episternum

64
Q

An unpaired bone, shaped like an inverted Y, immediately posterior to the episternum

A

omosternum

65
Q

posteriorly from the coracoid bones is an unpaired bone

A

mesosternum

66
Q

posteriorly, the sternum ends in a large, flat, bifurcated cartilage

A

xiphisternum

67
Q

supports the hindlimbs. It consists of two identical halves

A

pelvic girdle

68
Q

anterodorsal bone, is the largest part of the pelvic girdle, possesses an extremely long, anteriorly projecting process, which is parallel to the urostyle and reaches as far as the transverse process of the ninth or sacral vertebra, with which it articulates.

69
Q

a large bone on the most posterior end of the pelvic girdle

70
Q

small triangular bone immediately ventral to the ilium, and anterior to the ischium

71
Q

a small round depression on both sides of the pelvic girdle, receives the head of lower limb bone, femur

A

acetabulum

72
Q

The bone of the upper arm, proximal end of its head fits into the glenoid fossa

73
Q

long the more proximal half of its shaft, the humerus develops a ventrally projecting _______ for the attachment of muscles

A

deltoid ridge

74
Q

flanked on either side by small projections

A

epicondyles

75
Q

a represents the fusion of two bones, the radius and ulna of other land vertebrates

76
Q

proximal end of the radioulna is extended into a process, which reaches around the distal end of
the humerus and serves for the attachment of muscles.

77
Q

are the bones of the wrist

78
Q

bones of the hand proper consist of four slender
bones of the palm to which the phalanges or smaller bones of the digits or fingers are attached.

A

metacarpals

79
Q

bones of the fingers

80
Q

proximal end, or head, of the femur fits into a socket or depression in the pelvic girdle.

A

Acetabulum

81
Q

corresponds to the separate tibia and fibula of most land vertebrates.

A

Tibiofibula

82
Q

corresponding to the carpals of the wrist

A

tarsals, or anklebones

83
Q

have the phalangeal formula of 0.2.2.33

84
Q

consist of five long bones of the sole to which the smaller bones of the digits are attached

A

metatarsals

85
Q

n addition to the normal five metatarsals (I-V), there is also a small bone. This additional bone may represent an extra digit that was once present, or it may represent a sesamoid bone, a bone formed within the connective tissue at a point of stress.

86
Q

an extra segment and an extra lever arm after the tarsals

A

two are the medial tibiale or astragalus and the lateral fibulare or calcaneus

87
Q

Has a phalangeal formula of 22343

LBBIO 2 (4 decks)

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