SKELETON

Question 1

essential part of the body of every vertebrate animal.

Answer 1

skeleton

Question 2

two types of skeleton:

Answer 2

exoskeleton and endoskeleton

Question 3

consists of the hardened bony or horny structures that develop in the skin and provides external protection to the animal.

Answer 3

exoskeleton

Question 4

in nature, and consists almost entirely of bone and cartilage

Answer 4

endoskeleton

Question 5

Osteocytes trapped in lacunae in the matrix due to the deposition of calcium salts around them

Answer 5

Compact Bone

Question 6

presents a lesser degree of organization than compact bone. Its outstanding feature is a series of branching, overlapping plates of matrix called trabeculae.

Answer 6

Spongy bone or cancellous bone

Question 7

overlapping plates of matrix , These plates are oriented so as to produce large, interconnecting cave-like spaces. These spaces function well in storage and as pockets to hold the blood-forming cells (hemopoietic tissue) of the bone marrow. They also function in weight reduction.

Answer 7

trabeculae

Question 8

composed of all endoskeletal structures located at the center or axis of the body

Answer 8

Axial Endoskeleton

Question 9

Axial Endoskeleton parts

Answer 9

i. Skull
ii. Visceral skeleton
iii. Vertebral column and ribs (it lacks true ribs)
iv. Sternum

Question 10

consists of all endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages.

Answer 10

Appendicular Endoskeleton

Question 11

Appendicular Endoskeleton parts

Answer 11

i. Girdles
* Pectoral girdle
* Pelvic girdle
ii. Bones of the limbs
* Forelimbs
* Hindlimbs

Question 12

a pair of flat, triangular-shaped bones on the dorsal surface of the skull just behind the nares

Answer 12

nasal bones

Question 13

Immediately posterior to the nasal is a median, single irregularly shaped bone

Answer 13

sphenethmoid

Question 14

two long, slender, flat bones, just behind the sphenethmoid. These may be fused that they appear as a single bone. cover most of the brain; they become wide at their Posterior end,

Answer 14

frontoparietals

Question 15

where frontoparietals joinj and closes the inner ears

Answer 15

prootics

Question 16

posterior end of the skull is a large opening through which the spinal cord passes

Answer 16

foramen magnum

Question 17

Surrounding the posterior part of the brain is a bone called

Answer 17

exoccipital

Question 18

prominent bone project from the exoccipital

Answer 18

occipital condyles

Question 19

paired, short, teeth-bearing bones that form the anterior most edge of the upper jaw.

Answer 19

premaxillae

Question 20

paired curved teeth-bearing bones, forming the margin of the jaw. These are the longest bones of the upper jaw. These are wide in front where the premaxillae articulate.

Answer 20

maxillae

Question 21

Short bones make up the posterior part of the upper jaw, but unlike the premaxilla and maxilla, these do not bear teeth.

Answer 21

quadratojugals

Question 22

Extending upward from these bones to the prootics, each shaped in the form of a hammer and serves as a brace between the cranium and the posterior portion of the jaws to support the cartilaginous auditory region.

Answer 22

squamosals

Question 23

Notice the two large openings, where the eyeballs are located

Answer 23

orbits or eye socket

Question 24

wing-shaped bones in the roof of the mouth just posterior to the premaxillae.

Answer 24

vomers

Question 25

The ventral surface of each vomer bears

Answer 25

vomerine teeth

Question 26

slender, rod-like bones on the lower side of the cranium just posterior to the vomers, They extend laterally from near the medium line to the maxillae.

Answer 26

Palatine

Question 27

dagger-shaped single bone that forms the floor of the cranium

Answer 27

parasphenoid

Question 28

three-rayed bone serves as braces; each one is located beneath the squamosal, that articulate with the maxillary, the prootic and the quadratojugal.

Answer 28

pterygoid

Question 29

endoskeletal structure derived from the gill arches and in the frog

Answer 29

Visceral Skeleton

Question 30

Visceral Skeleton parts

Answer 30

(a) the upper and lower jaws, (b) hyoid apparatus and (c) the cartilages that support the ventral wall of the larynx or voice box

Question 31

anterior tip consists of two small bones that unite the two halves of the jaw.

Answer 31

mentomeckelian

Question 32

thin plate of bone that articulates with the mentomeckelian in front and is joined to the outer surface of the anterior part of the angulosplenial.

Answer 32

dentary

Question 33

strong bone forming the inner and ventral part of each posterior half of the mandible

Answer 33

angulosplenial

Question 34

Angulosplenial is expanded into a medially projecting process

Answer 34

coronoid process

Question 35

lies in the floor of the mouth. It is cartilaginous except for the two bony processes and supports the tongue and the larynx. It is a very important support for the muscles used in respiratory movements of the mouth. It is usually absent in prepared skeletons.

Answer 35

hyoid apparatus

Question 36

flattened median region of the hyoid apparatus

Answer 36

body of the hyoid

Question 37

Extending as a pair of lateral expansions on the anterior side of the body of the hyoid apparatus

Answer 37

alary processes

Question 38

pair of longer, horn-like cartilages arising from the antero-medial border of the alary processes

Answer 38

anterior cornua

Question 39

A pair of pointed but shorter horn-like cartilages, arises from the postero-lateral border of the body of the hyoid

Answer 39

posterior cornua

Question 40

Medial to the posterior cornua is a pair of elongated bony processes

Answer 40

thyroid processes

Question 41

very specialized, due to the shortening of the trunk of the body, consists of ten vertebrae

Answer 41

The Vertebral Column

Question 42

is specialized for articulation with the skull by means of two large facets or depressions, which receive the occipital condyles of the skull

Answer 42

atlas

Question 43

strongest on the third and fourth vertebrae where they support the attachments of large and powerful muscles

Answer 43

fused ribs

Question 44

support weaker muscles and are therefore more slender

Answer 44

Posterior vertebrae

Question 45

The centra of the first seven vertebrae are ____, which means they are concave in front and convex behind

Answer 45

procoelous

Question 46

both ends concave, The eighth vertebra

Answer 46

amphicoelous

Question 47

extending laterally from the centrum

Answer 47

transverse processes

Question 48

Two pairs of articulating processes called, seen extending forward and backward from the neural arch. join or connect adjacent vertebrae

Answer 48

zygapophyses

Question 49

directed upward

Answer 49

prezygapophyses

Question 50

directed downward

Answer 50

postzygapophyses

Question 51

specialized transverse processes for articulation with the ilia of the pelvic girdle

Answer 51

ninth or sacral vertebra

Question 52

both ends are flat

Answer 52

acoelous

Question 53

vertebral column is continued beyond the sacral region by the ____. conspicuous dorsal keel, and also a hollow canal, best seen from the anterior end, into which the spinal cord continues.

Answer 53

urostyle

Question 54

consists of a series of bones and cartilages which encircle the body and provide support for the forelimbs.

Answer 54

pectoral girdle

Question 55

dorsally located broad, flattened cartilage

Answer 55

suprascapula

Question 56

Ventral to the suprascapula, bone corresponding to the human shoulder blade.

Answer 56

scapula

Question 57

Postero-lateral to the scapula is a cup-shaped depression, serves to receive the head of the upper arm bone

Answer 57

glenoid fossa

Question 58

ventral side of the girdle, the midventral region is a pair of small bones join the identical halves of the pectoral girdle

Answer 58

epicoracoid

Question 59

space found lateral to the epicoracoid

Answer 59

fenestra

Question 60

collar bone in human, which is a slender bone anterior to the fenestra.

Answer 60

clavicle

Question 61

broader bone is found posterior to the fenestra

Answer 61

coracoid

Question 62

composed of four bones and cartilages, closely associated with the clavicle and coracoid of the shoulder girdle

Answer 62

sternum or breastbone

Question 63

Projecting anteriorly from the clavicles is a flat cartilage

Answer 63

episternum

Question 64

An unpaired bone, shaped like an inverted Y, immediately posterior to the episternum

Answer 64

omosternum

Question 65

posteriorly from the coracoid bones is an unpaired bone

Answer 65

mesosternum

Question 66

posteriorly, the sternum ends in a large, flat, bifurcated cartilage

Answer 66

xiphisternum

Question 67

supports the hindlimbs. It consists of two identical halves

Answer 67

pelvic girdle

Question 68

anterodorsal bone, is the largest part of the pelvic girdle, possesses an extremely long, anteriorly projecting process, which is parallel to the urostyle and reaches as far as the transverse process of the ninth or sacral vertebra, with which it articulates.

Answer 68

ilium

Question 69

a large bone on the most posterior end of the pelvic girdle

Answer 69

ischium

Question 70

small triangular bone immediately ventral to the ilium, and anterior to the ischium

Answer 70

pubis

Question 71

a small round depression on both sides of the pelvic girdle, receives the head of lower limb bone, femur

Answer 71

acetabulum

Question 72

The bone of the upper arm, proximal end of its head fits into the glenoid fossa

Answer 72

humerus

Question 73

long the more proximal half of its shaft, the humerus develops a ventrally projecting _______ for the attachment of muscles

Answer 73

deltoid ridge

Question 74

flanked on either side by small projections

Answer 74

epicondyles

Question 75

a represents the fusion of two bones, the radius and ulna of other land vertebrates

Answer 75

radioulna

Question 76

proximal end of the radioulna is extended into a process, which reaches around the distal end of the humerus and serves for the attachment of muscles.

Answer 76

olecranon

Question 77

are the bones of the wrist

Answer 77

carpals

Question 78

bones of the hand proper consist of four slender bones of the palm to which the phalanges or smaller bones of the digits or fingers are attached.

Answer 78

metacarpals

Question 79

bones of the fingers

Answer 79

phalanges

Question 80

proximal end, or head, of the femur fits into a socket or depression in the pelvic girdle.

Answer 80

Acetabulum

Question 81

corresponds to the separate tibia and fibula of most land vertebrates.

Answer 81

Tibiofibula

Question 82

corresponding to the carpals of the wrist

Answer 82

tarsals, or anklebones

Question 83

have the phalangeal formula of 0.2.2.33

Answer 83

Hands

Question 84

consist of five long bones of the sole to which the smaller bones of the digits are attached

Answer 84

metatarsals

Question 85

n addition to the normal five metatarsals (I-V), there is also a small bone. This additional bone may represent an extra digit that was once present, or it may represent a sesamoid bone, a bone formed within the connective tissue at a point of stress.

Answer 85

calcar

Question 86

an extra segment and an extra lever arm after the tarsals

Answer 86

two are the medial tibiale or astragalus and the lateral fibulare or calcaneus

Question 87

Has a phalangeal formula of 22343

Answer 87

Feet