EXTERNAL PARTS

Question 1

Frogs and toads belong to the order, the
largest and the most diverse group of living amphibians

Answer 1

Anura

Question 2

the toad, similar to the frog, is divided into two major layers

Answer 2

outer epidermis and the inner dermis

Question 3

the outermost stratified layer of squamous
epithelial tissue of flattened, dead cells. This is the thin hardened or cornified layer constantly removed when the toad sheds its skin (ecdysis or molting)

Answer 3

stratum corneum

Question 4

consisting of living and growing layer of stratified epithelial tissue. The cuboidal to columnar cells continuously divide and replace the constantly shed off stratum corneum of the skin.

Answer 4

stratum germinativum

Question 5

At the junction of epidermis and dermis, specialized connective tissue which contains pigments. Specifically, they contain a row of black pigment containing cells called melanophores which are in large part responsible for the color of the skin.

Answer 5

chromatophores

Question 6

The dermis, or inner layer of skin, is divided into two sublayers

Answer 6

stratum laxum/ spongiosum, stratum compactum

Question 7

outer sublayer immediately below the stratum germinativum. It consists of loosely arranged connective tissue and blood vessels. It is the layer where the body of cutaneous glands are situated, thus giving it a spongy appearance. Numerous glands are found in this layer.

Answer 7

stratum laxum/ spongiosum

Question 8

possess a thin epithelial wall, and the smaller and more numerous, bigger

Answer 8

poison glands

Question 9

have thicker walls, smaller glands

Answer 9

mucous glands

Question 10

composed of the head and the trunk,

Answer 10

axial region

Question 11

head and the trunk are broadly joined by a very _____ thereby restricting movement of the head

Answer 11

short neck

Question 12

most anterior portion of the head

Answer 12

snout

Question 13

openings at the tip of the snout

Answer 13

external nares

Question 14

dorsolateral portion of the head, posterior to the exterior nares

Answer 14

bulging eyes

Question 15

keeps the eyes moist when underwater

Answer 15

transparent nictitating membrane

Question 16

Posterolateral to the eye is an ovoid region of tightly drawn skin, covering the auditory canal

Answer 16

tympanic membrane

Question 17

Behind the tympanic membrane at each side of the head is a large swelling

Answer 17

paratoid gland/ poison gland

Question 18

most posterior part of the trunk, on the dorsal side

Answer 18

cloacal aperture

Question 19

made up of the forelimbs (anterior pair) and the hindlimbs (posterior pair).

Answer 19

appendicular region

Question 20

rudimentary thumb

Answer 20

prepollux

Question 21

sixth rudimentary toe called

Answer 21

prehallux

Question 22

MALE vs FEMALE

Answer 22

MALE
1. The skin on the ventral side of the head near the angles of the jaw has a distinct dark pigmentation due to concentration of pigments.

2. The thumb pads of inner fingers are enlarged or “swollen”. These are used during amplexus or false copulation.
3. Sexually mature male frogs are generally smaller than female.

FEMALE
1. The pigments are diffused; hence, there is no distinct pigmentation at this area.
2. The thumb pads of the inner fingers are not “swollen”
3. Sexually mature female frogs are relatively bigger than male.