Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P-1 > Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What comprises a part of the skeleton where flexibility is required?

A

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the template for bone formation?

A

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does cartilage consist of?

A

Dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in a jelly like ground substance of chondroitin sulfate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the strength of the cartilage due to?

A

Collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the resilience (plasticity) of cartilage due to?

A

Chondroitin sulfate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cells of mature cartilage are? and are derived from what?

A

Chondrocytes

Chondroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do chondrocytes reside?

A

In spaces called lacunae (little lakes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is most cartilage covered by?

A

Dense, irregular connective tissue called perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After becoming vascularized, the perichondrium becomes the?

A

Periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False

Cartilage has blood vessels

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where does cartilage have nerves?

A

The perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is relatively inactive, grows slowly, and heals poorly? Why?

A

Cartilage

Lack of intrinsic blood supply and confinement of chondrocytes to lacunae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hyaline cartilage covers what?

A

The ends of long bones and parts of the ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi, and larynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does hyaline cartilage provide for joint movement?

A

A smooth surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is fibrocartilage made of?

A

Thick bundles of collagen fibers, very strong, and tough cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fibrocartilage typically occurs as a ______-_____ segment of ________ between bones.

A

Disc-shaped

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does elastic cartilage consist of?

A

Chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What parts does the elastic cartilage make up?

A

External ear and epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the functions of bone tissue?

A 
Support of soft tissues 
Protection of internal organs 
Assistance in movement 
Mineral homeostasis 
Blood cell production 
Triglyceride storage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is mineral homeostasis?

A

Storage of calcium and phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is triglyceride storage?

A

Yellow bone marrow is adipose connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the diaphysis of the bone?

A

Shaft of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the Epiphyses of bone?

A

Distal and proximal ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

Where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

At the metaphysis of a growing bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage covering the epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that covers the bone (except for the articular cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the marrow cavity?

A

Space inside the diaphysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Membrane lining the marrow cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the bone matrix consist of?

A

Water-25%
Collagen- 25%
Calcium- 50% (hydroxyapatite- Ca phosphate and Ca carbonate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are stem cells that can divide and differentiate into osteoblasts?

A

Osteogenic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What secrete bone matrix; become osteocytes?

A

Osteoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are mature bone cells; regulate the composition of bone matrix?

A

Osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What release enzymes that digest bone matrix for remodeling of bone?

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Regions of the bone may be categorized as?

A 
Compact Bone (AKA cortical bone)
Spongy Bone (AKA cancellous bone, trabecular bone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Most of the skeleton is this type of bone?

A

Compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

True or False

Both compact and spongy bone may be present within the same bone.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Compact Bone contains units called?

A

Osteons or Haversian systems formed from concentric lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are concentric lamellae?

A

Rings of calcified matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

Between osteons are left over fragments of older osteons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What encircles the bone beneath the periosteum?

A

Outer circumferential lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What encircles the medullary cavity?

A

Inner circumferential lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are small spaces between the lamellae which house osteocytes?

A

Lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae?

A

Canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Blood and lymphatic vessels found in the osteon’s?

A

Central Canal

48
Q

These allow transit of these vessels to the outer cortex of the bone.

A

Perforating Canals

49
Q

True or False

Spongy bone has osteons

A

False

50
Q

What does spongy bone have instead of osteons?

A

Trabeculae.

51
Q

What is trabeculae?

A

Lamellae arranged in a lattice of thin columns

52
Q

What does trabeculae of the spongy bone support and protect?

A

The red bone marrow

Helps bones resist stresses without breaking.

53
Q

Where are trabeculae oriented?

A

along lines of stress

54
Q

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

Blood cell production and occurs in spongy bone.

55
Q

What is inside each trabecula of spongy bone?

A

Lacunae

56
Q

What does the lacunae contain?

A

Osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood circulating through the trabeculae.

57
Q

What is the interior of the long bones made up of?

A

Spongy bone.

58
Q

What does spongey bone do to the overall weight of the bone?

A

Lessens it

59
Q

What is ossification (osteogenesis)?

A

Process of forming new bone.

60
Q

What are the four situations of bone growth?

A

Formation of bone in an embryo
Growth of bones until adulthood
Remodeling of bone
Repair of fractures

61
Q

Beginning at the 6th week of embryonic development, occurs by what two methods?

A

Intra-membranous ossification

Endochondral Ossification

62
Q

What does intra-membranous ossification produce?

A

Spongy bone.

The bone may subsequently be remolded to form compact bone.

63
Q

What is Endochondral ossification?

A

Process whereby cartilage is replaced by bone. Forms both compact and spongy bone.

64
Q

What is the simpler of the two methods of bone formation?

A

Intra-membranous ossification

65
Q

What is intra-membranous ossification used in forming?

A

the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle.

66
Q

What cell does bone form from and what stage does it skip?

A

From mesenchymal cells that develop within a membrane. They skip a cartilage stage.

67
Q

True or False

Intra-membranous ossification has many ossification centers.

A

True

68
Q

Endochondral ossification is the method used in the formation of?

A

Most bones, especially long bones.

69
Q

What does endochondral ossification involve when it comes to the development of the bone? How many centers of growth are there?

A

It replaces cartilage by bone

There is one primary and two secondary centers of growth.

70
Q

When is ossification contributing to bone length usually complete by (age)?

A

18-21 years of age

71
Q

What is bone remodeling?

A

The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone, which involves:
Bone resorption
Bone deposition

72
Q

In bone remolding, what is the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts?

A

Bone resorption

73
Q

In bone remolding, addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts?

A

Bone deposition

74
Q

If too much new bone tissue is formed the bones become?

A

abnormally thick and heavy (acromegaly

75
Q

Excessive loss of calcium in bone growth and remolding does what?

A

Weakens the bones, as occurs in osteoporosis

76
Q

If there is not a balance between the actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, what may happen to bone?

A

Acromegaly
Weakened bones
Bones become too soft, as seen in diseases rickets and osteomalacia.

77
Q

Bone remodeling removes injured bone and replaces is with?

A

New bone

78
Q

What provides for strengthening of bone tissue to meet demands placed on it by new or heavy loads?

A

Bone remodeling

79
Q

Which bone is more resistant to fracture, new bone or old bone?

A

New bone

80
Q

True or False

Bone remodeling does not support calcium homeostasis

A

False

81
Q

What is experienced during bone remodeling that better support based on stress patterns?

A

Alternation of bone shape

82
Q

What is formed during the first step of a fracture and repair of a bone?

A

Formation of a fracture hematoma occurring 6-8 hours after injury.

83
Q

What is the fracture hematoma a result of?

A

Blood vessels breaking in the periosteum and in osteons.

84
Q

The second and third step of fracture and Repair, involves the formation of?

A

A callus (takes a few weeks to 6 months).

85
Q

How is the fibrocartilaginous callus formed?

A

Phagocytes remove cellular debris and fibroblasts deposit collagen to form a fibrocartilaginous callus

86
Q

What is followed by the formation of fibrocartilaginous callus?

A

Osteoblasts forming a bony callus of spongey bone.

87
Q

What is the final step of fracture and repair that take several months is called remodeling?

A

Spongy bone is replaced by compact bone

The fracture line disappears, but evidence of the break remains.

88
Q

Vitamin A stimulates the activity of?

A

Osteoblasts

89
Q

Vitamin C is needed for synthesis of?

A

Collagen

90
Q

Vitamin D is essential for?

A

Healthy bones

91
Q

What does vitamin D promote?

A

the absorption of calcium from foods in the GI tract into the blood.

92
Q

Vitamins K and B12 are needed for synthesis of?

A

Bone proteins

93
Q

What is required for synaptic transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting?

A

Calcium

94
Q

What stores 99% of the body’s calcium?

A

Bone

95
Q

The reserve of calcium in the bone, is used to regulate the what in the blood?

A

The level of calcium

96
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

Promotes resorption of bone matrix
Prevents loss of calcium in the urine
Promotes Vitamin D (calcitriol) formation

97
Q

Calcitonin is produced by what cells of what gland? What does it do?

A

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption

98
Q

What are the two main ways that the blood calcium can be increased due to the regulation of blood calcium concentration?

A

Release of calcium from bone matrix and retention of calcium by the kidneys

99
Q

What is a point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and a tooth?

A

Joints

100
Q

What are bones attached by?

A

Fibrous connective tissue.

101
Q

In fibrous joints, what is a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue.

A

Sutures

102
Q

In fibrous joints, more space than a suture; more fibrous connective tissue?

A

Syndesmoses

103
Q

In fibrous joints, teeth in sockets of upper and lower jaw.

A

Gompgoses

104
Q

Joint components of this are connected by cartilage

A

Cartilaginous

105
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondroses

Symphyses

106
Q

What are some characteristics of cartilaginous joints?

A

Fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
No synovial cavity
Little or no movement.

107
Q

In cartilaginous joints, AKA primary cartilaginous joints Hyaline cartilage connecting bones’ cartilage may ossify with age

A

Synchondroses

108
Q

In cartilaginous joints, AKA secondary cartilaginous joints: fibrocartilage connecting bone.

A

Symphyses

109
Q

What joints are most moveable?

A

Synovial joints

110
Q

What joint has an articular capsule: dense irregular and regular connective tissue?

A

Synovial joints

111
Q

What membrane lines the synovial joint that secrets synovial fluid?

A

Synovial membrane

112
Q

In the synovial joint, what allows for diffusion of nutrient and wastes?

A

Synovial fluid

113
Q

What joint has articular cartilage: covers epiphyses of bone?

A

Synovial Joints

114
Q

The articular cartilage of the synovial joints is not covered by what membrane?

A

The synovial membrane

115
Q

What discs may synovial joints contain?

A

Articular discs (also called menisci)

A&P-1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions