Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P-1 > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What provides for the generation of nerve impulses (action potentials) that communicate with a regulate most body tissues?

A

Nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who shares responsibility for maintaining homeostasis?

A

The nervous system and the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The nervous system regulates?

A

Body activities by responding rapidly using nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The endocrine system responds faster or slower by use of hormones to changes in homeostasis?

A

Slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the branch of medical science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system?

A

Neurology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What comprises the central nervous system?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What comprises the peripheral nervous system?

A 
Cranial nerves (12 pairs; 1-Xii)
Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
Peripheral nerves (numerous)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The nervous systems comprises?

A 
The brain
Spinal cord
Spinal nerves
Ganglia
Enteric Plexuses
Sensory receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which receptors detect changes in the internal or external environment?

A

Sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sensory neurons are afferent or efferent neurons?

A

Afferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensory nerve cells (neurons) carry the sensory information from the receptor to the?

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do the integrative neurons do?

A

Analyze and store information

Make decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Many integrative neurons are what kind of neurons?

A

Interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are relatively short neurons in the brain, spinal cord, ganglia that connect to nearby neurons?

A

Integrative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which neurons respond to decisions and are efferent neurons?

A

Motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Motor neurons carry information from the brain and spinal cord to?

A

Effectors (muscles or glands)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are somatic senses? What kind of motor control?

A

Sensation from body wall, limbs, head, and special senses (sight, hearing, taste, balance, smell)
Motor control of skeletal muscle (voluntary control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are autonomic senses? What kind of motor control?

A

Sensation from internal organs like heart, lungs, bladder

Motor control of smooth and cardiac muscle, glands (involuntary control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Enteric senses? What kind of motor control?

A

Sensation from gastrointestinal tract

Motor control of smooth muscle and glands of the GI tract (involuntary control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of all nervous tissue outside of the?

A

Central Nervous System

-SNS, ANS, ENS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Each subdivision of the PNS has both of these neurons?

A

Sensory and motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The motor part of the autonomic nervous system consists of what two branches?

A

Sympathetic division

Parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an association (a bundle) of neuronal axons in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a group of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (plus associated tissue)?

A

Ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an association (a bundle) of neuronal axons in the central nervous system?

A

Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an association (a bundle) of (unmyelinated) nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an extensive network of nerves found within the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The term plexus is also applied to?

A

A network of veins or lymphatic vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are cells that have the property of electrical excitability, and are specially adapted to produce and transmit action potentials?

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are cells of the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect the neurons?

A

Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True or False

There are less neuroglia than neurons

A

False

There are more neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the basic parts of a neuron?

A

The cell body

Nerve Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are nerve fibers comprised of?

A

An Axon

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the name adaptations for neurons?

A

Axoplasm (cytoplasm)

Axolemma (plasmalemma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Like most cells, what structures do neurons have (think organelles)?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Typical organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are Nissl bodies?

A

Specialized forms of typical organelles in the neuron which are prominent clusters of rough ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are dendrites?

A

The receiving portion of a neuron
Typically short, tapering, highly branched
(incoming)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an axon?

A

Propagates impulses to another neuron, muscle, or nerve.
Can approximate three feet long in humans.
(outgoing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many axons are there per neuron?

A

Only a single axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where do axons typically arise from?

A

An elevation in the cell body called the axon hillock (= small hill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In the axon, where do (action potentials) generally arise?

A

In the trigger zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the trigger zone of the axon?

A

The junction of hillock and initial segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What dies if the an axon is cut?

A

The distal fragment dies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What does the axon contain?

A

Mitochondria
Microtubules
Neurofibrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does the axon not contain?

A

Rough ER so protein synthesis does not occur in the axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What may branch off of the main axon?

A

Axon collaterals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Axon and collateral end by dividing into what?

A

Axon terminals (telodendria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Telodendria end in either?

A

Synaptic end bulbs, bulb-shaped structures

Varicosities, string of swollen bumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of a neuron made of?

A

Neurofibrils

Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are neurofibrils of the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Intermediate filaments

Provide cell shape and support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are microtubules of the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Tubulin

Participate in moving material between the cell body and axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What contains only some cytosol, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and synaptic vesicles?

A

Axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Where does synthesis of new proteins, vesicles, etc. take place in the neuron?

A

The cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

About how far apart might the cell body and axon terminals be?

A

Over a meter apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Things made in the cell body must be transported along the?

A

Interior of the axon to reach the axon terminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is one-way only transport from cell body to axon terminals?

A

Slow axonal transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is two-way transport, both toward and away from the cell body?

A

Fast axonal transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What transports axoplasm to growing or regenerating axons?

A

Slow axonal transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What uses microtubules as tracks and motors?

A

Fast axonal transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What transports organelles and materials that are used to form axolemma membranes, synaptic end bulbs, and synaptic vesicles?

A

Fast axonal transport

61
Q

What is structural classification of a neuron based on?

A

The number of processes extending from the cell body

62
Q

Which class of neurons have several dendrites and only one axon and are located throughout the brain and spinal cord?

A

Multipolar neurons

63
Q

The vast majority of the neurons in the human body are?

A

Multipolar neurons

64
Q

Which class of neurons have one main dendrite and one axon?

A

Bipolar neurons

65
Q

Which class of neurons are used to convey the special senses of sight, smell, hearing and balance?

A

Bipolar neurons

66
Q

Where are Bipolar neurons found?

A

In the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and the olfactory area of the brain.

67
Q

Which class contain one process which extends from the body and divides into a central branch that functions as an axon?

A

Unipolar (pseudounipolar) neuron

68
Q

When is the unipolar structure often employed for?

A

Sensory neurons that convey touch and stretching information from the extremities.

69
Q

In cases of injury or disease, what can multiply to fill in the spaces formerly occupied by neurons?

A

Neuroglia

70
Q

What are characteristics of neuroglia?

A

Not excitable cells
Smaller, more numerous than neurons
Make up about half the volume of the CNS

71
Q

What are Neuroglia of the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells

72
Q

What are the neuroglia of the PNS?

A 
Schwann Cells (neurolemmocytes)
Satellite cells
73
Q

The neuroglia of the PNS is completely surround the what?

A

Axons and cell bodies of neurons

74
Q

These do not typically undergo mitosis, meaning if a neuron dies there is no reservoir of cells to replace it…

A

Neurons

75
Q

Mitosis of nervous system cells

These do undergo mitosis

A

Neuroglial cells

76
Q

Myelin is produced by?

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

77
Q

What is multi-layered complex of lipids and proteins, layers of plasma membrane?

A

Myelin

78
Q

What does myelin do?

A

Insulate axons: myelin prevents loss of electrical signal; speeds up conduction of nerve impulses

79
Q

Myelination requires the glial cell to have?

A

wrapped its plasma membrane around the axon many times

80
Q

A schwann cell myelinates a 1 mm-long segment of an

A

axon

Migrates around the axon multiple times and multiple layers of the schwann cell plasma membrane surround the axon

81
Q

What is the neurolemma?

A

The outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath

82
Q

Which axons have no myelin sheath and no neurolemma?

A

Unmyelinated axons

Can be associated with schwann cells, but the axons simply lay in grooves on the surface of the schwann cell.

83
Q

What inner portion successively encircles the axon, forming many layers that comprise the myelin sheath?

A

Schwann cell (neurolemmocyte)

84
Q

What comes to reside in neurolemma, which is the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell?

A

The nucleus of the neurolemmocyte

85
Q

What is the neurolemma?

A
  • Outer layer of a myelinating schwann cell
  • Contains the nucleus and virtually all the cytoplasm
  • Not to the axolemma
  • Found only around axons in the PNS
86
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A
  • Only on nerve fibers supplied by potentially myelin-producing cells
  • Gaps between myelinating cells
  • Found in PNS and CNS
87
Q

A nerve fiber consists of?

A

an axon plus myelin sheath (if present)

88
Q

What surrounds the nerve fiber?

A

The endoneurium

89
Q

What overlies the schwann cell?

A

Endoneurium

90
Q

What are the schwann cells of the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

91
Q

Each process of a oligodendrocytes can form a?

A

Myelinated segement

  • can myelinate several segments
  • can participate in myelination of several axons
92
Q

Why is a neurolemma not present in the CNS?

A

Because oligodendrocyte cell body and nucleus do not envelop the axon.

93
Q

One oligodendrocyte can myelinate how many times?

A

Multiple
There is no neurolemma
There are nodes of Ranvier

94
Q

A region of the brain predominantly filled with myelinated tract fibers, The appearance is due to the whitish color of myelin.

A

White matter

95
Q

A region of the brain predominantly filled with neuronal cell bodies. There is little or no myelin in these areas, and the Nissl bodies impart gray color.

A

Gray matter

96
Q

Nerve cells are highly adapted for using ________ potentials, and changes in _______ potentials, to initiate and transmit nerve impulses

A

Membrane potential

97
Q

What are the two types of electrical signals neurons communicate with?

A 
Action Potentials (nerve impulses)
Graded Potentials (localized)
98
Q

What is for both short and long distance communication within the body? “all or none”

A

Action potentials

99
Q

What neuronal signals are for short-distance communication only?

A

Graded potentials

100
Q

What is the physiological role of graded potentials?

A

Is to affect (and effect) the generation of action potentials.

101
Q

Both types of neuronal signals depend on two features of the plasma membrane of excitable cell, which are?

A

-Existence of a resting membrane potential

_presence of specific ion channels

102
Q

Voltage is measured across the __________, and is relative to the outside of the cell (cell’s environment)

A

plasma membrane

103
Q

Membrane Potential

Potential means?

A

potential energy that can cause a flow of electrical current
- attractive force is the potential measure in volts

104
Q

An electrical current is what?

A

The flow of electrons

Current means flow of ions- sodium (Na+), potassium, calcium.

105
Q

When current flows through a membrane charges are _____ across the membrane and potential changes

A

redistributed

106
Q

What gives the cells the property of electrical excitability?

A

Ion channels

107
Q

When ion channels are opn, specific ions are allowed to do what?

A

Move across the plasmalemma, down their electrochemical gradient

108
Q

The flow of ions comprise a flow of electrical current that can change the ________.

A

membrane potential

109
Q

Ion channels open and close due to the presence of?

A

Gates

110
Q

A gate is the part of a channel protein that does what?

A

Opens or closes to allow or prevent the passage of ions

111
Q

T or F

All membrane channels have gates

A

F

112
Q

Are leakage channels gated?

A

No, they randomly open and close

113
Q

Between K+ and Na+ there are more specific leakage channels for? The resting membrane is more permeable to?

A

K+

K+

114
Q

Is the voltage difference measured across the plasma membrane when the neuron isn’t signaling?

A

Resting membrane potential

Varies from cell to cell

115
Q

Is the resting membrane potential polarized or unpolarized?

A

Polarized

116
Q

All membrane potentials are reported as the potential of the

A

Inside of the membrane relative to the outside of the membrane

117
Q

What is the resting membrane potential due to?

A

A small buildup of anions in the cytosol just inside the membrane.
Equal buildup of cations in the ECF just outside the membrane

118
Q

The relative permeability of the resting membrane is 50 to 100 times more permeable to?

A

K+ than to Na+

Cl- is in between

119
Q

What is the membrane impermeable to?

A

Nearly all of the negatively charged intracellular molecules

120
Q

Explain the steps of establishing the resting membrane potential

A
  • K+ moves out of cell
  • IC negatively charged ions cant get through membrane
  • The interior of the membrane becomes negatively charged; the exterior becomes positively charged; net diffusion of K+ stops
    -Na+ goes into cell but slower rate than K+ existing
    A little Cl- leave the cell, interior of cell more negative
  • net result= resting membrane potential
121
Q

What produces graded potentials in response to stimuli?

A

Ligand-gated or mechanically gated ion channels

122
Q

What means the size of the change in the membrane potential varies in proportion to the strength of the stimulus (all or none)?

A

Graded

123
Q

What are local effects only of the graded potentials?

A

Channels open, current flows through the membrane and along the membrane, and travels only a short distance before diminishing to zero.

124
Q

A graded potential can either do what to the membrane since the membrane is polarized?

A

Depolarize or hyperpolarize

125
Q

A membrane becomes more polarized

A

Hyperpolarization

126
Q

A membrane becomes less polarized (less negative or more positive)

A

Depolarization

127
Q

The positive charges of the calcium ions alter the what of the channel protein?

A

Electrical state

Increasing the voltage level required to open the gate.

128
Q

Calcium ion deficit in the extracellular fluids, what becomes activated by very little change of the membrane potential from its normal resting level?

A

Sodium channels

129
Q

What becomes highly excitable, sometimes discharging repetitively without provocation, rather than remaining in the resting state?

A

Calcium ion deficit

130
Q

Propagation depends on what?

A

Positive feedback

131
Q

The movement of nerve impulses are called?

A

Propagation

132
Q

Nerve impulses must travel from the ________ down the neuron to the axon _____.

A

Trigger zone

Axon terminal

133
Q

Step-by-step depolarization and repolarization of adjacent segments is termed?

A

Continuous conduction

134
Q

This is a special mode of impulse propagation that occurs along myelinated axons

A

Saltatory conduction

135
Q

Saltatory conduction happens on what type of axons?

A

Only myelinated

136
Q

In saltatory conduction, voltage-gated channels are concentrated at the _______, with few regions where the myelin sheath covers the _______.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

Axolemma

137
Q

In saltatory conduction, electric current is carried by extracellular and intracellular ions from one node to the next…..?

A

the nodes depolarize and repolarize.

138
Q

Saltatory or continuous, which one is faster?

A

Saltatory

It is also more energy efficient, requiring less ATP to repolarize

139
Q

What do neurons produce virtually all their ATP from?

A

Aerobic metabolism of glucose

140
Q

Metabolism requires large amounts of oxygen, the nervous system requires?

A

High blood flow, and is consequently highly vascularized.

141
Q

Most of the brains energy consumption goes into?

A

Sustaining the electric charges of neurons.

142
Q

Who devotes more basal metabolism to the brain, vertebrates or primates?

A

Primates

143
Q

The great the diameter of the axon, the _____ the conduction will be.

A

Faster

144
Q

Describe the three different fibers of the effect of axon diameter.

A 
A fibers
-large diameter 
-myelinated
B fibers
-Medium fibers
-myelinated
C fibers
-small diamerter
-unmyelinated
145
Q

What are the two mechanisms that enable stimuli of differing intensities to be registered as such?

A

Frequency of impulses

Number of sensory neurons activated (recruited)

146
Q

What are the characteristics of frequency of impulses?

A
  • A light touch generates a low frequency of widely spaced nerve impulses
  • A firm pressure causes nerve impulses to go down the axon closer together
147
Q

What the characteristics of number of sensory neurons recruited?

A
  • A light touch stimulates only a few pressure sensitive neurons
  • A firm pressure stimulates more pressure sensitive neurons
148
Q

T or F

No action potential is generated by a subthreshold stimulus.

A

T

149
Q

Several action potentials result from what kind of stimulus?

A

Suprathreshold

All have the same amplitude. This is perceived as a stronger stimulus

A&P-1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions