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a&p-1 > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is motor unit recruitment?

A

Is the process whereby the number of active motor units is increased according to need.

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2
Q

The more neurons that are activated (in the spinal cord) the more motor units will be?

A

Stimulated and the more muscle tension will be produced.

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3
Q

The larger the motor units recruits, the more?

A

muscle tension will be produced

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4
Q

Are all motor units recruited simultaneously?

A

No, only the number of motor units needed are recruited

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5
Q

Which motor unit is recruited first?

A

The smallest, weakest motor units.

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6
Q

Larger, stronger motor units are recruited if?

A

They are required by the task.

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7
Q

In response to AP, what contracts longer, Cardiac muscle or skeletal muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle
It contracts 10-15 times longer than skeletal muscle and must continue to do so, without rest, for the life of the individual.

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8
Q

What does cardiac muscle use to respond to each AP?

A

The rich supply of O2 delivered by the extensive coronary circulation to generate ATP through aerobic respiration,

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9
Q

Muscle fibers of cardiac muscle exhibit

A

Autorhythmicity

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10
Q

What of the cardiac muscle tissue fibers results in synchronous contraction?

A

The interconnectedness of fibers

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11
Q

What alters the autorhythmicity of the cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Autonomic nervous system

Endocrine system

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12
Q

Why is the mitochondria larger and more numerous in the cardiac muscle compared to the skeletal muscle?

A

In accordance with a greater dependency on aerobic respiration to generate ATP.

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13
Q

True or False

Smooth Muscle is autorhythmic

A

True

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14
Q

How does smooth muscle generate ATP?

A

Through anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)

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15
Q

True or False

Smooth Muscle has a high capacity for generating ATP.

A

False

Has a low capacity

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16
Q

In addition to thick and thin filaments, which filaments are also present in smooth muscle?

A

Intermediate Filaments

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17
Q

Where do intermediate filaments attach?

A

Intermediate filaments,

which are functionally similar to Z discs found in striated muscle and found in both the sarcoplasm and the sarcolemma

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18
Q

What generates tension on the intermediate filaments?

A

Contraction of the thick and thin filaments.

It pulls the dense bodies and causes shortening of muscle fiber.

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19
Q

What are the two types of smooth muscle?

A

Single-unit smooth muscle tissue (AKA Visceral smooth muscle tissue)
Multiunit smooth muscle tissue

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20
Q

Which type of smooth muscle- fibers connect to one another by gap junctions and contract as a single unit?

A

Single-Unit (Visceral smooth muscle)

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21
Q

Which type of smooth muscle- fibers lack gap junctions and contract independently?

A

Multiunit smooth muscle

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22
Q

Electron microscopy has show that _____ can cause damage, including torn sarcolemma’s, damaged myofibrils, and disrupted Z discs.

A

Intense Exercise

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23
Q

Chemical analysis after exercise has also shown increases in blood levels of?

A

Myoglobin and creatine kinase, both of which are normally confined within muscle.

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24
Q

What is DOMS?

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness that follows strenuous exercise by about 12-48 hours

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25
Q

Functions of Muscular Tissue

What are some characteristics of muscular tissue?

A

Muscles are excitable
Contractible
Extensible
Elastic

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26
Q

Functions of Muscular Tissue

What are the main functions of muscular tissue?

A

Create Motion

Stabilize body positions and maintain posture

Store substances within the body using sphincters

Move substances by peristaltic contractions

Generate heat through thermogenesis

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27
Q

What are the three types of muscular tissue?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Visceral (smooth muscle)

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28
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

A

Movement, heat, posture

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29
Q

Where is visceral (smooth muscle) located?

A

G.I. tract, uterus, eye, blood vessels

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30
Q

What is the function of visceral (smooth muscle) ?

A

Peristalsis
Blood pressure
Pupil size
Erects hairs

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31
Q

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle?

A

Striated, multi-nucleated (eccentric)

Fibers parallel

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32
Q

What is the appearance of cardiac muscle?

A

Striated, one central nucleus

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33
Q

What is the appearance of visceral (smooth muscle)?

A

No striations, one central nucleus

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34
Q

Which of the three muscular types are voluntary?

A

Skeletal

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35
Q

Skeletal muscle

A single muscle cell

A

Fiber

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36
Q

Skeletal muscle

A bundle of muscle fibers (bundle of muscle cells)

A

Fascicle

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37
Q

Skeletal muscle

An organelle in a muscle fiber composes of filaments

A

Myofibril

38
Q

Skeletal muscle

Fibrous protein molecules within myofibrils (the thick and thin filaments that are the contractile proteins)

A

Filaments

39
Q

Skeletal muscle Connective tissue

This surrounds a fiber

A

Endomysium

40
Q

Skeletal muscle Connective tissue

This surrounds a fascicle

A

Perimysium

41
Q

Skeletal muscle Connective tissue

This surrounds the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

42
Q

Skeletal muscle Connective tissue

What all blends together and eventually tie into the tendon?

A

The endomysium, perimysium, epimysium

43
Q

What nerve cell supplies a group of muscle fibers?

A

Somatic motor neuron

44
Q

Each muscle fiber is supplied by how many neurons?

A

Only one

45
Q

What is the site where the neuron contacts the muscle fiber called?

A

Neuromuscular junction

46
Q

Why are skeletal muscle fibers multinucleated?

A

During embryonic development, a number of myoblasts fuse to form one skeletal muscle fiber.

47
Q

T or F

The muscle fibers of skeletal muscle can undergo mitosis?

A

F

48
Q

Where is the plasma membrane AKA the sarcolemma found in a individual skeletal muscle fiber?

A

Beneath the connective tissue (beneath the endomysium).

49
Q

What is the cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle fiber called/ what is it chocked full of?

A

Sarcoplasm

Chocked full of contractile proteins arranged in myofibrils

50
Q

Which way does the T-tubule of the skeletal muscle fiber face?

A

Opens from the outside fiber toward the interior of the fiber ) like a cul-de-sac)

51
Q

What are openings that invaginate from the sarcolemma and extend toward the interior of the cell?

A

T-tubules

52
Q

What are T-tubules filled with?

A

Interstitial fluid

53
Q

What are T-tubules important in the propagation of?

A

Action potentials

54
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the skeletal muscle? What does it store?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber

Stores calcium ions, and releases them when the muscle fiber is stimulated.

55
Q

What is calsequestrin?

A

A calcium-binding protein inside the sarcoplasmic reticulum, enabling the Ca++ concentration in a relaxed muscle to be 10,000 times higher than in the cytosol

56
Q

Microscopic organization of skeletal muscle

What is terminal cisterns?

A

Dilated regions that flank the T-tubules

57
Q

Microscopic organization of skeletal muscle

What is a triad?

A

Two terminal cisterns flanking one T-tubule

58
Q

The basic functional unit of a myofibril is the?

A

Sarcomere

59
Q

An arrangement of thick and thin filaments sandwiched between two Z discs.

A

Sarcomere

60
Q

What are Myofibrils made of?

A

Filaments

61
Q

What are the two types of filaments?

A

Thin

Thick

62
Q

What proteins are thin filaments made up of?

A

Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin

63
Q

What is the contractile protein of the thin filament?

A

Actin

64
Q

What are the regulatory proteins of the thin filament?

A

Troponin

Tropomyosin

65
Q

How many thin filaments are there for every thick filaments?

A

Two thin filaments

66
Q

Filaments inside a myofibril are arranged in compartments called?

A

Sarcomeres

67
Q

What creates the striations that are seen both in single myofibrils and in whole muscle fibers?

A

Thick and thin filaments

68
Q

What are the zones and bands gives rise to a pattern of overlap?

A 
A band
I band 
Z line 
H zone 
M line
69
Q

What is the center of an I band?

A

Z discs

70
Q

What is the darker zone, which comprises the length of the thick filaments and a varying overlap of thin filaments?

A

A band

71
Q

Where do adjacent sarcomeres abut?

A

Z discs

72
Q

What are only thin filaments; consist of parts of 2 adjacent sarcomeres?

A

I band

73
Q

What is the center of an A band; only thick filaments?

A

H zone

74
Q

What is the midline of a sarcomere?

A

M line

75
Q

The tails of what are bound together to form the thick filament?

A

Myosin molecules

76
Q

What do the heads (cross bridges) of the myosin molecules bind to?

A

Bind and hydrolyze ATP; also bind the products of ATP hydrolysis (ADP and phosphate)
Change shape (move toward or away from an M line)
Bind reversibly to actin

77
Q

In muscle proteins, which proteins are strung together like a bead of pearls?

A

the Actin proteins of the thin filaments

78
Q

What looks like golf clubs bound together?

A

Myosin proteins of the thick filaments

79
Q

What are the myosin binding sites on the actin protein covered by?

A

Troponin

Tropomyosin

80
Q

What fine structures of the skeletal muscle fiber allows for contraction to begin?

A

Movement of the troponin-tropomyosin complex

81
Q

Muscle fiber proteins comprise of these three categories?

A

Contractile proteins
Regulatory proteins
Structural proteins

82
Q

What are the structural proteins?

A

Titin
Myomesin
Dystrophin
Sarcolemmal proteins

83
Q

In this protein each molecule spans half a sarcomere, from a Z disc to an M line, and attaches thick filaments to Z discs and M lines?

A

Titin

84
Q

What is very elastic and probably helps sarcomere return to its resting length?

A

Titin

85
Q

What links the thin filaments of the sarcomeres to integral membrane proteins in the sarcolemmas, transmitting the tensive forces of the sarcomeres?

A

Dystrophin

86
Q

What refers to a group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases causing progressive skeletal muscle fiber degeneration?

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

87
Q

In DMD, the gene that codes for the protein dystrophin is mutated, resulting in?

A

Little or no dystrophin in the sarcolemma.

The sarcolemma tears easily during muscle contraction, causing muscle fibers to rupture and die.

88
Q

The muscle action potential travels along the entire sarcolemma and down the?

A

T-tubules to the interior of the fiber

89
Q

What is the synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber?

A

A neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

90
Q

What contains synaptic vesicles filled with ACh, that carries the impulse across the cleft?

A

Synaptic end bulbs at the tips of axon terminals

91
Q

Where is the motor end plate located?

What does it comprise?

A

the region of the sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulb.
Comprises the muscle fiber part of the NMJ

92
Q

What binds to ACh in the sarcomlemma?

A

Acetylcholine receptors

a&p-1 (6 decks)

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