Skeletal System (week 3) Flashcards
what are the functions of bones?
- support the body
- protection of soft organs
- allow movement
- stores mineral and fats
- blood cell formation
what are the basic types of bone(osseous) tissue
- compact (cortical) bone
2. spongy (trabecular) bone
what are the 4 different classifications of bones?
long bone, short, flat, irregular
describe a long bone
- shaft with epiphyses ends
- contain mostly compact bone; but spongy at ends
what are the components of a long bone?
- proximal and distal epiphysis
- a diaphysis (composed of mainly compact bone)
- medullary cavity enclosed by endosteum
- periosteum
- compact and spongy bone
- yellow bone marrow
- perforating (sharpey’s fibres)
describe a short bone
- generally cube shaped
- contain mostly spongy bone with outerlayer of compact bone
describe a flat bone
- thin, flattened and usually curved
- 2 layers of compact bone which sandwich a layer of spongy bone
describe irregular bones
- irregular shape
- do not fit into other bone classification categories
what are bone markings?
sites of attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments
what are the functions of bone markings
passages for nerves and blood vessels
what are the 2 categories of bone markings?
projections (processes) or depressions (cavities)
what are projections?
grow out of the bone surface
-> all begin with ‘T’
what are depressions?
indentations
-> all begin with “f” (except facet)
what are the components of the axial skeleton?
- skull
- vertebrae column
- chest
what are the components of the appendicular skeleton?
(bones) :
- shoulder girdle
- arms, hands
- legs, feet
- pelvic girdle
what kind of bones are in the skull?
cranial bones and facial bones
how many cranial bones are there?
8 cranial bones, (2 pairs)
what kind of bones are in the cranial bones?
front bone (1), occipital bone (2), ethmoid bone (3), sphenoid bone (4), parietal bones (5,6), temporal bones (7,8)
how many facial bones are there?
14 facial bones (5 pairs)
name the facial bones
maxillae (1,2), palatine bones (3,4), lacrimal bones (5,6), Zygomatic bones (7,8), nasal bones (9,10), vomer bone (11), inferior nasal conchae (12,13), mandible (14)
what is the paranasal sinuses?
hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?
amplify the sounds made as we speak
what is unique about the hyoid bone?
it is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone
what is the function of the hyoid bone?
serves as a movable base for the tongue and aids in swallowing and speech
what is the function of the vertebral column (spine)?
provides axial support (extends from the skull to pelvis)
how many vertebral bones are separated by intervertebral discs?
26
list the 26 vertebral bones
-7 cervical vertebral (neck area)
-12 thoracic vertebrae (chest region)
-5 lumbar vertebrae (lower back)
+ sacrum (fusion of 5 vertebrae)
*coccyx (fusion of 3-5 vertebrae)
what is the thoracic cage composed of?
- sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process
- ribs
true ribs (pairs 1-7)
false ribs ( pairs 8-12)
floating ribs (pairs 11-12) - thoracic vertebrae
list the bones of the upper limb
- humerus (forms the arm)
- ulna (arm)
- radius (arm)
- carpals (wrist)
- metacarpals (palm bones)
- phalanges (fingers and thumb)
list the bones of the pelvic girdle
- llium
- ischium
- pubis
list the bones of the lower limbs
- femur (thigh bone)
- tibia (lower leg)
- fibula (lower led)
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
what are joints?
articulations; where 2 or more bones meet
what is the function of joints?
- hold bones together securely
- allow for mobility
what are the different functional joint classifications?
- synarthroses (fibrous)
- > immovable joints
- amphiarthroses (cartilaginous)
- > slightly movable joints
- diarthroses (synovial)
- > freely movable joints
what are the different structural joint classifications?
- fibrous joints
- > generally immovable
- cartilaginous joints
- > immovable or slightly movable
- synovial joints
- > freely movable
what are fibrous joints (synarthroses)?
unite by fibrous tissues
what are found in fibrous joints?
- sutures (immobile)
- syndemoses
- allow more movement than sutures but still immobile
- found on the distal ends of tibia and fibula
- gomphoses
- immobile
- found where the teeth meet facial bones
what are cartilaginous joints (Amphiarthroses):
bones that are connected by fibro cartilage
what are found in cartilaginous joints?
- synchrondrosis (immobile)
- found in epiphyseal plates of growing long bones
- symphysis (slightly movable)
- found in the public symphysis, intervertebral joints
what are synovial joints (diarthroses)?
articulating bones that are separated by a joint cavity
what are 4 distinguishing features of synovial joints?
- articular cartilage
- articular capsule
- joint cavity
- reinforcing ligaments
what is found in the synovial joint cavities?
synovial fluid
what are the types of synovial joints based on shape?
- plane
- hinge
- pivot
- condylar
- saddle
- ball and socket
what are found in synovial joints?
- bursae (flattened fibrous sacs)
- lined with synovial membranes
- filled with synovial fluid
- not actually part of the joint
- tendon sheath
- elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
what are the different types of synovial joints based on function?
- nonaxial
- uniaxial
- biaxial
- multiaxial
