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LSB142 Human Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System (week 3) > Flashcards

Skeletal System (week 3) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of bones?

A
  • support the body
  • protection of soft organs
  • allow movement
  • stores mineral and fats
  • blood cell formation
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2
Q

what are the basic types of bone(osseous) tissue

A
  1. compact (cortical) bone

2. spongy (trabecular) bone

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3
Q

what are the 4 different classifications of bones?

A

long bone, short, flat, irregular

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4
Q

describe a long bone

A
  • shaft with epiphyses ends

- contain mostly compact bone; but spongy at ends

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5
Q

what are the components of a long bone?

A
  • proximal and distal epiphysis
  • a diaphysis (composed of mainly compact bone)
  • medullary cavity enclosed by endosteum
  • periosteum
  • compact and spongy bone
  • yellow bone marrow
  • perforating (sharpey’s fibres)
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6
Q

describe a short bone

A
  • generally cube shaped

- contain mostly spongy bone with outerlayer of compact bone

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7
Q

describe a flat bone

A
  • thin, flattened and usually curved

- 2 layers of compact bone which sandwich a layer of spongy bone

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8
Q

describe irregular bones

A
  • irregular shape

- do not fit into other bone classification categories

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9
Q

what are bone markings?

A

sites of attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments

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10
Q

what are the functions of bone markings

A

passages for nerves and blood vessels

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11
Q

what are the 2 categories of bone markings?

A

projections (processes) or depressions (cavities)

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12
Q

what are projections?

A

grow out of the bone surface

-> all begin with ‘T’

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13
Q

what are depressions?

A

indentations

-> all begin with “f” (except facet)

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14
Q

what are the components of the axial skeleton?

A
  • skull
  • vertebrae column
  • chest
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15
Q

what are the components of the appendicular skeleton?

A

(bones) :
- shoulder girdle
- arms, hands
- legs, feet
- pelvic girdle

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16
Q

what kind of bones are in the skull?

A

cranial bones and facial bones

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17
Q

how many cranial bones are there?

A

8 cranial bones, (2 pairs)

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18
Q

what kind of bones are in the cranial bones?

A

front bone (1), occipital bone (2), ethmoid bone (3), sphenoid bone (4), parietal bones (5,6), temporal bones (7,8)

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19
Q

how many facial bones are there?

A

14 facial bones (5 pairs)

20
Q

name the facial bones

A

maxillae (1,2), palatine bones (3,4), lacrimal bones (5,6), Zygomatic bones (7,8), nasal bones (9,10), vomer bone (11), inferior nasal conchae (12,13), mandible (14)

21
Q

what is the paranasal sinuses?

A

hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

22
Q

what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

amplify the sounds made as we speak

23
Q

what is unique about the hyoid bone?

A

it is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone

24
Q

what is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

serves as a movable base for the tongue and aids in swallowing and speech

25
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column (spine)?

A

provides axial support (extends from the skull to pelvis)

26
Q

how many vertebral bones are separated by intervertebral discs?

A

26

27
Q

list the 26 vertebral bones

A

-7 cervical vertebral (neck area)
-12 thoracic vertebrae (chest region)
-5 lumbar vertebrae (lower back)
+ sacrum (fusion of 5 vertebrae)
*coccyx (fusion of 3-5 vertebrae)

28
Q

what is the thoracic cage composed of?

A
  1. sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process
  2. ribs
    true ribs (pairs 1-7)
    false ribs ( pairs 8-12)
    floating ribs (pairs 11-12)
  3. thoracic vertebrae
29
Q

list the bones of the upper limb

A
  • humerus (forms the arm)
  • ulna (arm)
  • radius (arm)
  • carpals (wrist)
  • metacarpals (palm bones)
  • phalanges (fingers and thumb)
30
Q

list the bones of the pelvic girdle

A
  • llium
  • ischium
  • pubis
31
Q

list the bones of the lower limbs

A
  • femur (thigh bone)
  • tibia (lower leg)
  • fibula (lower led)
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
32
Q

what are joints?

A

articulations; where 2 or more bones meet

33
Q

what is the function of joints?

A
  • hold bones together securely

- allow for mobility

34
Q

what are the different functional joint classifications?

A
  • synarthroses (fibrous)
    • > immovable joints
  • amphiarthroses (cartilaginous)
    • > slightly movable joints
  • diarthroses (synovial)
    • > freely movable joints
35
Q

what are the different structural joint classifications?

A
  • fibrous joints
    • > generally immovable
  • cartilaginous joints
    • > immovable or slightly movable
  • synovial joints
    • > freely movable
36
Q

what are fibrous joints (synarthroses)?

A

unite by fibrous tissues

37
Q

what are found in fibrous joints?

A
  • sutures (immobile)
  • syndemoses
    • allow more movement than sutures but still immobile
    • found on the distal ends of tibia and fibula
  • gomphoses
    • immobile
    • found where the teeth meet facial bones
38
Q

what are cartilaginous joints (Amphiarthroses):

A

bones that are connected by fibro cartilage

39
Q

what are found in cartilaginous joints?

A
  • synchrondrosis (immobile)
    • found in epiphyseal plates of growing long bones
  • symphysis (slightly movable)
    • found in the public symphysis, intervertebral joints
40
Q

what are synovial joints (diarthroses)?

A

articulating bones that are separated by a joint cavity

41
Q

what are 4 distinguishing features of synovial joints?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. articular capsule
  3. joint cavity
  4. reinforcing ligaments
42
Q

what is found in the synovial joint cavities?

A

synovial fluid

43
Q

what are the types of synovial joints based on shape?

A
  • plane
  • hinge
  • pivot
  • condylar
  • saddle
  • ball and socket
44
Q

what are found in synovial joints?

A
  • bursae (flattened fibrous sacs)
    • lined with synovial membranes
    • filled with synovial fluid
    • not actually part of the joint
  • tendon sheath
    • elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
45
Q

what are the different types of synovial joints based on function?

A
  • nonaxial
  • uniaxial
  • biaxial
  • multiaxial

LSB142 Human Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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