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LSB142 Human Anatomy and Physiology > Muscular Tissue (week 5) > Flashcards

Muscular Tissue (week 5) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of muscular tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle

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2
Q

where are is skeletal muscle generally attached by?

A

tendons

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3
Q

describe the shape of skeletal muscle

A

large, cigar-shaped and multinucleate

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4
Q

what is skeletal muscle also known as and why?

A

striated muscle (because of it’s obvious stripes) or

voluntary muscle (because only muscle tissue subject to conscious control)

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5
Q

where are skeletal muscle found in the body?

A

attached to bones or for some facial muscles, to skin

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6
Q

skeletal muscle cells are bundled by which connective tissue components?

A

endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium

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7
Q

what is endomysium?

A

a connective tissue component in skeletal muscle- it enclosed a single muscle fiber

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8
Q

what is perimysium?

A

a connective tissue component in skeletal muscle- it wraps around a fascicle (bundle) of muscle fibres

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9
Q

what is epimysium?

A

it is a connective tissue component in skeletal muscle- it covers the entire skeletal muscle

*there is fascia on the outside of the epimysium

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10
Q

what are tendons?

A

cordlike structures, mostly collagen fibers

*often cross a joint because of their toughness and small size

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11
Q

what are aponeuroses?

A

sheet like structures, attach muscle indirectly to bones, cartilages or connective tissue coverings

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12
Q

which connective tissue component converts the entire skeletal muscle?

A

epimysium

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13
Q

which connective tissue component covers a single muscle fiber?

A

endomysium

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14
Q

does smooth muscle have striations?

A

no

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15
Q

(T/F) smooth muscle is voluntary

A

false, it is involuntary (no conscious control)

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16
Q

where is smooth muscle found in the body?

A

found mainly in the walls of hollow visceral organs (such as stomach, urinate bladder and respiratory passages)

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17
Q

what is smooth muscle composed of?

A

spindle-shaped fibers that are uninucleate

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18
Q

what connective tissue component is cardiac muscle comprised of?

A

endomysium- it is attached to the fibrous skeleton of the heart

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19
Q

what is the contraction speed of smooth muscle?

A

contractions are very slow and sustained

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20
Q

what is the contraction speed of skeletal muscle?

A

slow to fast

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21
Q

does cardiac muscle have striations?

A

yes it does

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22
Q

(T/F) cardiac muscle is involuntary

A

true

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23
Q

what connective tissue component is smooth muscle composed of?

A

endomysium

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24
Q

where is cardiac muscle found in the body?

A

found only in the walls of the heart

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25
Q

what kind of cells are cardiac muscle?

A

uninucleate

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26
Q

what are branching cells in cardiac muscle joined by?

A

gap junctions called intercalated discs

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27
Q

contraction and shortening of muscles are due to what?

A

movement of microfilaments

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28
Q

what the muscle functions?

A

all muscles types produce movement

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29
Q

what are the skeletal muscles 3 other important roles?

A
  1. maintain posture and body position
  2. stabilize joints
  3. generate heat
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30
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

organelles made of overlapping myofilaments

*skeletal muscle fibers contain myofibrils

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31
Q

what are myofibrils composed of?

A

sarcomeres arranged end to end, it is a the structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle

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32
Q

what is the microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle?

A

skeletal muscle is composed of sarcolemma and myofibrils

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33
Q

what is sarcolemma?

A

specialised plasma membrane

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34
Q

what gives myofibrils it’s striated (bonded) appearance?

A

the light (I) bands and dark (A) bands give the muscle it’s striated appearance

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35
Q

Describe light bands (I band)

A

contains thing filaments and has 2 discs as a midline interruption

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36
Q

describe dark bands (A band)

A

contains the entire length of thick filaments

- H zone is a lighter central area 
- M line is in centre of H zone
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37
Q

what kind of filaments are thick filaments?

A

myosin filaments

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38
Q

describe myosin filaments

A

composed mostly of the contractile protein actin (anchored to the Z disc)

  • at rest, within the A band there is a zone that lacks actin filaments called the H zone
  • during contraction, H zone disappears as actin and myosin filaments overlap
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39
Q

what kind of filaments are thin filaments?

A

actin filaments

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40
Q

describe actin filaments

A

composed of protein myosin

  • contain actin-binding and ATPase enzymes to split ATP to release energy for muscle contractions
  • possess projection known as myosin heads
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41
Q

what are myosin heads?

A

they are known as cross bridges when they link thick and thin filaments during contraction

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42
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

A

specialised smooth endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A
  • surrounds the myofibrils

- stores and releases calcium- (calcium provides the final “go” for contraction)

44
Q

what is the special functional properties of skeletal muscles?

A

Irritability (also called responsiveness)
—> ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
Contractibility
—> ability to forcibly shorten when an adequate stimulus is received
Extensibility
—> ability of muscle cells to be stretched
Elasticity
—> ability to recoil and resume resting length after stretching

45
Q

What is the nerve stimulus and action potential?

A

where skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a motor neuron (nerve cell) to contract

46
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

one motor neuron and all the skeletal muscles cells stimulated by that neuron

47
Q

what is neuromuscular junction?

A

association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle

48
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemical released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse in the axon terminal

49
Q

what is the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle?

A

acetylcholine (Ach)

50
Q

what is the synaptic cleft?

A

gap between nerve and muscle filled with interstitial fluid

51
Q

what are the events at the neuromuscular joints?

A
  1. nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron
  2. calcium channels open, and calcium ions enter the axon terminal
  3. calcium ion entry causes some synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine
  4. Ach diffuses across the synaptic cleft and attaches to receptor on the sarcolemma of the muscle cell
  5. if enough ach is released, the sarcolemma becomes temporarily more permeable to sodium ions (Na+)
  6. depolarisation opens more sodium channels that allow sodium ions to enter the cell
  7. acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline
52
Q

what causes depolarisation?

A

due to the entry of sodium ions, they produce an imbalance in which interior has more positive ions

  • more sodium ions enter than potassium ions leave
53
Q

what ends muscle contraction?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

54
Q

when do cells return to resting state?

A
  1. potassium ions (K+) diffuse out of the cell

2. sodium-potassium pump moves sodium and potassium ions back tot heir original positions

55
Q

what is the mechanism of muscle contraction also known as?

A

the sliding filament theory

56
Q

what is the sliding filament theory?

A

thick filaments (myosin) slide past thin filaments (actin) in muscle contraction

57
Q

what causes filaments to slide?

A
  • calcium ions (Ca 2+) bind regulatory proteins on thin filaments and expose myosin-binding sites, allowing the myosin heads on the thick filaments to attach
  • each cross bridge pivots, causing the thin filaments to slide toward the centre of the sarcomere
  • contraction occurs and the cell shortens
58
Q

what provides the energy for the sliding process?

A

ATP, which continues as long as calcium ions are present

59
Q

what are graded responses?

A

they are different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

60
Q

how can graded responses be produced?

A
  1. by changing the frequency of muscle stimulation

2. by changing the number of muscle cells being stimulated at one time

61
Q

(contraction of skeletal muscle as a whole) what does muscle respond to?

A

increasingly rapid stimulation

62
Q

describe a muscle twitch

A

single, brief jerky contraction (not a normal muscle function)

63
Q

how do muscle contractions get stronger and smoother?

A

when stimulations become ore frequent

64
Q

how is fused (complete) tetanus achieved?

A

when the muscle is stimulated so rapidly that no evidence of relation is seen

65
Q

what does muscle force depend on?

A

depends upon the number of fibres stimulated

66
Q

how is greater muscle tension achieved?

A

contractions of more fibres

67
Q

what provides energy for muscle contraction?

A

ATP- stored in muscle fibres in small amounts

68
Q

what are the 3 ways to regenerate ATP

A
  1. direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
  2. aerobic pathway
  3. anaerobic glycolysis and lactic acid formation
69
Q

describe direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate (CP) in relation to providing energy for muscle contraction

A
  • muscle cells store CP, a high energy molecule
  • after ATP is depleted, ADP returns
  • CP transfers a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP
  • CP supplies are exhausted in less than 15 seconds
  • 1 ATP is produced per CP molecule
70
Q

describe aerobic respiration in relation to providing energy for muscle contraction

A
  • supplies ATP at rest and during light/moderate exercise
  • a series of metabolic pathways, called oxidase phosphorylation, use oxygen and occur in the mitochondria
  • glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy (about 32 ATP)
    slower reactions; requires continuous delivery of oxygen and nutrients
71
Q

describe Anaerobic Glycolysis and lactic acid formation in relation to providing energy for muscle contraction

A
  • reaction that breaks down glucose without oxygen
  • glucose is broken to pyrrhic acid to produce about 2 ATP
  • pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
72
Q

what are the 5 golden rules of skeletal muscle activity?

A
  1. (with a few exceptions) all skeletal muscle cross at least one joint
  2. typically, the bulk of a skeletal muscle lies proximal to the joint crossed
  3. all skeletal muscles have at least 2 attachments: the origin and the insertion
  4. skeletal muscles can only pull; they never push
  5. during contraction, a skeletal muscle insertion moves towards the origin
73
Q

what are the 2 types of body movements?

A
  1. origin

2. insertion

74
Q

what is origin in the types of body movements?

A

attachment to an immovable or less movable bone

75
Q

what is insertion in the types of body movements?

A

attachment to a movable bone

76
Q

(types of body movement) what happens when muscle contracts?

A

the insertion moves toward the origin

77
Q

(types of body movement) when does body movement occur?

A

when muscles contract across joints

78
Q

list the types of body movements

A

flexion, extension, rotation, abduction, adduction, circumspection

79
Q

describe flexion

A

creases the angle of the joint

- brings 2 bones closer together
- typical of bending hinge joints (e.g. knee and elbow) or ball-and-sack joints (e.g. the hip)
80
Q

describe extension

A

opposite of flexion

  • increases the angle between two bones
  • typical of straightening the elbow or knee
  • extension beyond 180 degrees is hyper extension
81
Q

describe rotation

A

movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis (common in ball-and-socket joints)
e.g. moving the atlas around the dens of axis (i.e., shaking your head “no”)

82
Q

describe abduction

A

movement of a limb away from the mid line

83
Q

describe adduction

A

opposite of abduction

-> movement of a limb toward the mid line

84
Q

describe circumduction

A
  • combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
  • common in ball-and-socket joints
  • proximal end of bone is stationary, and distal end moves in a circle
85
Q

list the special body movements

A

dorisflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, supination, pronation and opposition

86
Q

describe dorsiflexion

A

lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the skin (toward the dorsum)

87
Q

describe plantar flexion

A

pointing the toes from the head

88
Q

describe inversion

A

turning sole of food medically

89
Q

describe eversion

A

turning sole of foot laterally

90
Q

describe supination

A
  • forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly

- radius and ulna are parallel

91
Q

describe pronation

A
  • forearm rotates medically so palm faces posteriorly

- radius and ulna cross each other like an x

92
Q

describe opposition

A

moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

93
Q

(T/F) muscles can only pull as they contract )not push)

A

true

94
Q

(interactions of skeletal muscles in the body) what is a prime mover?

A

muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement

95
Q

(interactions of skeletal muscles in the body) what is a antagonist?

A

muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover

96
Q

(interactions of skeletal muscle in the body) what is synergist?

A

muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement or reduces undesirable movements

97
Q

(interactions of skeletal muscles in the body) what is a fixator?

A

specialised synergists that hold a bone still or stabilise the origin of a prime mover

98
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

a bundle of muscle fibres

99
Q

describe circular fascicles

A

fascicles that are in concentric rings

100
Q

describe convergent fascicles

A

fascicles that converge on a single insertion tendon

101
Q

describe parallel fascicles

A

length of fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle

102
Q

describe fusiform fascicles

A

modified parallel arrangements resulting in a spindle-shaped muscle

103
Q

describe pennate fascicles

A

short fascicles that attach obliquely to a central tendon

LSB142 Human Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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