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LSB142 Human Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System (week 6) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (week 6) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

second controlling system of the body,

uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood

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2
Q

what do several major processes do hormones control?

A
  • reproduction
  • growth and development
  • mobilisation of body defences
  • maintenance of homeostasis
  • regulation of metabolism
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3
Q

how are hormones produced?

A

specialised cells

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4
Q

what do cells secrete to target sites?

A

hormones

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5
Q

what are the chemistry classifications of hormones?

A
  • amino acid-base (proteins, peptides, amines)
  • steroids
  • prostaglandins
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6
Q

Hormones affect only certain ____ or ____?

A

tissues or organs (target cells or organs)

-> target cells have specific protein receptors

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7
Q

what are the different types of stimuli that activate endocrine glands?

A
  1. hormonal
  2. hum oral
  3. neural
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8
Q

what is hormonal stimuli?

A

where endocrine organs are activated by other hormones

* hormonal indicate various body fluids such as blood and bile

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9
Q

what is neural stimuli

A

nerve fibres stimulate hormone release

most are under the control of the sympathetic nervous system

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10
Q

what are the major endocrine organs?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • gonads (testes and ovaries)
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11
Q

what are the functions of endocrine glands?

A

(ductless glands)

-> they create hormones that are released directly into blood or lymph

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12
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

-pea-sized gland that hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus int he brain
(protected by the sella tunica of the sphenoid bone

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13
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

produces releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

- > these hormones are released into portal circulation, which connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary hormones
- > these hormones control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
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14
Q

what is the role of the posterior gland?

A

it doesn’t make the hormones, it releases it

- stores hormones made by the hypothalamus

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15
Q

what are the 2 main hormones made by the hypothalamus?

A

oxytocin and antidinretic hormone (ADH)

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16
Q

what is oxytocin?

A
  • stimulates contractions of the uterus during labour , sexual relations and breast feeding
  • causes milk ejection (let-down reflex) in a nursing woman
  • only released in significant amounts during child birth and nursing
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17
Q

what is antidinretic hormone (ADH)?

A
  • inhibits urine production (dieresis) by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
  • urine volume decreases, blood volume and pressure increases
  • in large amounts, ADH causes constriction of arterioles, leading to increased blood pressure (the reason why ADH is known as vasopressin)
  • alcohol inhibits ADH secretion
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18
Q

what are the 2 anterior pituitary hormone?

A
  1. growth hormone

2. prolactin

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19
Q

what are the 4 types of anterior pituitary hormone?

A
  1. follicle-stimulating hormone
  2. Luteinizing hormone
  3. thyrotropic hormone
  4. adrenocorticotropic hormone
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20
Q

what is growth hormone and its functions?

A
  • general metabolic hormone
  • major effects are directed to growth of skeleton muscles and long bones
  • plays a role in determining final body size
  • causes fats to be broken down for a source of energy
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21
Q

what is prolactin (PRL) and it’s functions?

A
  • stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
  • functions in males is unknown
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22
Q

what are gonadotropic hormones functions?

A

regulate hormonal activity of the gonads

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23
Q

what are the 2 gonadotropic hormones?

A
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

- luteinzing hormone (LH)

24
Q

what is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A
  • stimulates follicle development in ovaries

- stimulates sperm development in testes

25
Q

what is lutenizing hormone (LH)?

A

triggers ovulation of an egg in females

stimulates testosterone production in males

26
Q

What is thyrotopic hormone (TH)?

A

(also called thyroid-stimulating hormone)

influences growth and activity of the thyroid gland

27
Q

what is Adrencorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex

28
Q

where is the pineal gland?

A

hangs from the roof of the third ventricle of the brain

29
Q

what is the function of the pineal gland?

A

secretes melatonin

-> believed to trigger the body’s sleep cycle/wake cycle

30
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A

found at the base of the throat, inferior to the adam’s apple

31
Q

what is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

produces 2 hormones, thyroid hormone and calcitonin

32
Q

what is the function of the thyroid hormone?

A

controls rate of oxidation of glucose to supply body heat and chemical energy (ATP)
-> needed for growth and development

33
Q

what 2 active iodine containing hormones does thyroid hormone contain?

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

34
Q

what is T4 and T3?

A

secreted by thyroid follicles (T4)

formed from the conversation of T4 at target tissues (T3)

35
Q

what is the role of calcitonin?

A

decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone

36
Q

how is calcitonin produced?

A

by parafollicular cells found between the follicles
- released in response to rising blood calcium levels
0 antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

37
Q

what is the parathyroid gland?

A

tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid gland

38
Q

what is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

39
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

in the upper thorax, posterior to the sternum

40
Q

what is the role of the thymus?

A

produces a hormone called thymosin

41
Q

what are the 2 regions of the adrenal gland?

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

42
Q

describe the adrenal cortex

A

outer glandular region has 3 layers that produce corticosteroids

43
Q

what are the corticosteroids secreted in the adrenal cortex

A

mineral corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and sex hormones

44
Q

what are the hormones of the adrenal cortex?

A

mineralcorticoids and aldosterone

45
Q

what is the role of mineral corticoids?

A
  • regulate mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions
  • regulate water and electrolyte balance
46
Q

how is production of alderosterone inhibited?

A

by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

47
Q

what is glucocorticoids?

A
  • promote normal cell metabolism
  • help resist long-term stressor by increasing blood glucose levels
  • release in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
48
Q

describe Sex hormones

A

produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex

- most of the hormones produced are androgens (make sex hormones) but some estrogens

49
Q

which 2 hormones are processes in the adrenal gland?

A
  1. epinephrine (adrenaline)

2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

50
Q

what does epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

prepare the body to deal with short-term stress (fight or flight)
-> results in more oxygen and glucose int he blood and faster circulation to the organs

51
Q

what is the role of pancreatic islets?

A

produce hormones (insulin and glugacon)

52
Q

what is the function of insulin?

A

increases the rate of glucose uptake and metabolism by body cells
-> effects hypoglycaemic

53
Q

what is the role of glucagon?

A

released when blood glucose levels are low

  • stimulates the live to release glucose to blood, thus increasing blood glucose levels
  • ? effects are hyperglycaemic
54
Q

what is the function of gonads?

A 
produce sex cells or sex hormones 
ovaries:
	- estrogen
	-progesterone 
testes
55
Q

what does estrogen do?

A

stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics

56
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle

-> helps int eh implantation of an embryo int he uterus

LSB142 Human Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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