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LSB142 Human Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System (week 4) > Flashcards

Nervous System (week 4) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. sensory input
  2. integration
  3. major input
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2
Q

what is sensory input?

A

gathering information

- sensory receptors monitor changes, called stimuli, occurring inside and outside the body

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3
Q

what is integration?

A

where the nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides whether action is needed

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4
Q

what is motor input?

A

a response, or effect, activates muscle or glands

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5
Q

what are the two structural classification?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

what are the 2 functional classification?

A

sensory (afferent) division or motor (efferent) division

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7
Q

what are the two cell types in nervous tissue?

A

neurons and neuroglia (support cells in the CNS)

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8
Q

describe neuroglia cells

A
  • resembles neurons
  • unable to conduct nerve impulses
  • never lose the ability to divide
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9
Q

what are the functions of neuroglia?

A

to support, insulate and protect neurons

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10
Q

what are the various PNS glial cells?

A

schwann and satellite cells

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11
Q

what are schwann cells?

A

form myelin sheath around nerve fibres in the PNS

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12
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

protect and cushion neuron cell bodies

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13
Q

what are the various CNS glial cells (support cells)?

A

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes

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14
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

abundant, star-shaped cells
- brace and anchor neuron to blood capillaries

  • protect neurons from harmful substances in blood
  • control the chemical environment of the brain
  • determine permeability and exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons
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15
Q

what are microglia

A

spider like phagocytes

  • monitor health of nearby neurons
  • dipole of debris
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16
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

line cavities of the brain and spinal cord

* cilia assist with circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

wrap around nerve fibres in the central nervous system

- produce myelin sheaths

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18
Q

what is ganglia?

A

collections of cell bodies outside the CNS in the PNS

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19
Q

what are tracts?

A

bundles of nerve fibres in the CNS

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20
Q

what are nerves?

A

bundles of nerves fibres in the PNS

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21
Q

what are processes in the nervous tissue neurons?

A

fibres that extend from the cell body

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22
Q

what are sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS

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23
Q

what are the receptors included in sensory (afferent) neurons?

A

cutaneous sense organs (in skin detect pain, temperature, touch, pressure)

and proprioceptors in muscles and tendons detect stretch

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24
Q

what are motor (efferent) neurons?

A

carry impulses from the central nervous system to viscera and or muscles and glands

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25
Q

what are interneurons (association neurons)?

A

cell bodies located in the CNS

—> connect sensory and motor neurons

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26
Q

what are the functional properties of neurons?

A

irritability and conductivity

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27
Q

what is irritability in the functional properties of neurons?

A

ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a nerve impulse

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28
Q

what is conductivity in the functional properties of neurons?

A

ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles or glands

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29
Q

what is a unipolar neuron?

A

a neuron that has a short single procee leaving the cell body

  • > sensory neurons found in the PNS ganglia
  • > conduct impulses both toward and away from the cell body
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30
Q

what is a bipolar neuron?

A

one axon and one dendrite

-> located in special sense organs, such as nose and eye

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31
Q

what is a multipolar neuron?

A

many extensions from the cell body

  • > all motor and interneurons are multipolar
  • most common structural type
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32
Q

what are the electrical conditions of a resting neuron’s membrane?

A
  • plasma membrane at rest is inactive (polarised)
  • fewer positive ions are inside the neuron’s plasma membrane than outside
    * K+ is the majorly positive ion inside the cell
    * Na+ is the major positive ion outside the cell
  • the polarised membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+
  • as long as the inside of the membrane is more negative (fewer positive ions) than the outside, the cells remain inactive
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33
Q

what are the steps in the nerve impulse?

A
  1. resting membrane is polarised
  2. stimulus initiates local depolarisation
  3. depolarisation and generation of action potential
  4. propagation of the action potential
  5. repolarization
  6. initial ionic conditions restored
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34
Q

(nerve impulse) explain when the resting membrane is polarised

A
  • external is slightly positive, extracellular ion is Na+
  • internal is slightly negative, intracellular ion is K+
    * more permeable to K+ ions
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35
Q

what happens when a stimulus changes the permeability of the neurons membrane to sodium ions?

A

sodium channels now open, and sodium (Na+) diffuses into the neuron

(inward rush of Na+) ions changes the polarity= depolarization

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36
Q

(the nerve impulse) explain where the stimulus initiates local depolarisation

A

there is a rush of sodium ions into the cell
-> changes polarity of the membrane

(inside more positive, outside more negative)

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37
Q

what is graded potential (local depolarization)?

A

where inside the membrane is more positive, the outside is less positive

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38
Q

(the nerve impulse) explain depolarization and generation of action potential

A

if stimulus is strong enough and sodium influx is great enough, local depolarization activates the neuron to conduct an action potential (nerve impulse)

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39
Q

(the nerve impulse) explain the propagation of the action potential

A

if enough sodium enters the cell, the action potential (nerve impulse) starts and is propagated over the entire axon

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40
Q

what kind of fibres conduct nerve impulse more quickly?

A

fibres with myelin sheaths

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41
Q

what is repolarization?

A

restoring inside membrane to negative charge, outer membrane to positive change

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42
Q

(the nerve impulse) explain repolarization

A

membrane permeability changes again
—> impermeable to sodium ions and permeable to potassium ions

  • potassium ions rapidly diffuses out of the neuron, repolarization the membrane
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43
Q

how are the initial conditions of sodium and potassium ions restored?

A

using the sodium-potassium pumps- uses ATP to restore to original condition

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44
Q

(The nerve impulse) explain the where the initial ionic conditions are restored

A

the initial condition are restored using sodium-potassium pumps via the usage of ATP
-> 3 sodium ions eject, while 2 potassium ions are returned

*when the action potential reaches the axon terminal, the electrical charge opens calcium channels

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45
Q

what are the main brain regions?

A

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem and cerebellum

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46
Q

what are cerebral hemispheres ridges called?

A

gyri

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47
Q

what are cerebral hemisphere grooves called?

A

sulci

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48
Q

what are fissures?

A

deeper grooves

49
Q

what are the 3 main regions of cerebral hemisphere?

A
  1. the cortex is superficial gray matter
  2. white matter
  3. basal nuclei are deep pockets of gray matter
50
Q

what is the cerebral cortex known for?

A

primary somatic sensory area, primary motor area, broca’s area (motor speech area) and other specialised areas

51
Q

where is the cerebral cortex located?

A

located in the parietal lobe, posterior to central sulus

52
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do?

A

receive impulses from the body’s sensory receptors

—> pain, temperature, light touch (except for special senses)

53
Q

what is sensory homunculus

A

a spatial map

54
Q

what is basal nuclei?

A

islands of grey matter buried deep within the white matter of the cerebrum

55
Q

what are the functions of basal nuclei?

A

regulate voluntary motor activities by modifying instructions sent to skeletal muscles by the primary motor cortex

56
Q

where is the primary motor area located?

A

located anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal love

57
Q

what does the primary motor area do?

A

allows us to consciously move skeletal muscles

58
Q

what is motor hommuculus

A

a spatial map

59
Q

what is broca’s area?

A

involved in our ability to speak

-> usually in left hemisphere at the base of the pre central gurus

60
Q

what is diencephalon composed of?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

61
Q

where is the diencephalon located?

A

it sits on top of the brain stem, enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres

62
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

relays station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cerebral cortex
*encloses the third ventricle

63
Q

what is the hypothalamus known for?

A
  • important autonomic nervous system centre
    • > regulates body temperature, water balance and metabolism
  • houses the lambic centre for emotions
  • regulates the nearby pituitary gland
  • houses mammillary bodies (reflex centre for olfaction (smell)
64
Q

what is the epithalamus known for?

A
  • houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
    • > includes the choroid plexus - forms cerebrospinal fluid

*forms the rood of the third ventricle

65
Q

what are the 3 components of the brain stem?

A
  1. mid brain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
66
Q

what is the function of the brain stem?

A

provides pathway for ascending and descending tracts

- produce programmed behaviours for key survival

67
Q

describe the functions and area of the mid brain

A
  • extends from the mammillary bodies to the pons inferiorly
  • cerebral aqueduct (tiny canal) connects the third and fourth ventricles
  • 2 bulging fiber tracts, cerebral penduncles, convey ascending and descending impulses
68
Q

explain the functions and area of the pons

A
  • the rounded structure protruding just below the mid brain
  • mostly composed of fibre tracts
  • includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing
69
Q

explain the functions and area of the medulla oblongata

A
  • the most inferior part of the brain stem that merges into the spinal cord
  • includes important fibre tracts
  • contains important centres that control:
    • heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing and vomiting
  • fourth ventricle lies posterior to pons and medulla
70
Q

explain the area and functions of the reticular formation

A
  • diffuse mass of gray matter along the brain stem
  • involved in motor control of visceral organs
  • reticular activating system (RAS)
    —> plays a role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness
    —> filter for incoming sensory information
71
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

2 hemispheres with convoluted surfaces

-> outer cortex of gray matter and inner region of white matter

72
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

controls balance, provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and coordination of body movements

73
Q

how is the central nervous system protected?

A
  • bony protection (brain and spinal cord)
  • meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • blood-brain barrier
74
Q

what are the layers of meninges?

A

Dura matter, arachnoid layer, pia matter, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-brain barrier

75
Q

describe dura mater

A
  • outermost leathery layer
  • double-layered external covering
    periosteal layer: attached to inner surface of the skull
    Meningeal layer: outer covering of the brain
  • folds inward in several areas
    -> falx cerebri
    -> Tentorium cerebelli
76
Q

describe the arachnoid layer

A
  • middle later
  • weblike extensions span the subarachnoid space to attach it to the pia matter
  • subarachnoid space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
  • arachnoid granulation’s protrudes through the dura mater and absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood
77
Q

what is pia mater

A
  • the internal layer

- clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

78
Q

describe cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • formed continually by the choroid plexuses
  • CSF forms a watery cushion to protect the brain and spinal cord
  • circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord
79
Q

what are choroid plexuses?

A

capillaries in the ventricles of the brain

80
Q

describe the blood-brain barrier

A
  • includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
  • allows water, glucose and amino acids to pass through the capillary walls
  • excludes many potentially harmful substances from entering the brain, such as wastes
81
Q

describe the spinal cord

A

it extends from the foremen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra
-> provides a 2 way conduction pathway to and from the brain

82
Q

what is the spinal cord protected by?

A

vertebrae and meninges

83
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?

A

31 pairs

84
Q

describe the gray matter of the spinal cord and spinal roots

A
  • posterior (dorsal) horns house interneurons
  • ventral (anterior) horns house motor neurons of the somatic (voluntary) nervous system
  • gray matter surrounds the central canal, which is filled with cere-brospinal fluid
85
Q

what are the functions of posterior (dorsal) horns?

A

they receive information from sensory neurons in the dorsal root; cell bodies housed in dorsal root ganglion

86
Q

what are the functions of ventral (anterior) horns?

A

send motor information out the ventral root

87
Q

what is white mater of spinal cord composed of?

A

myelinated fibre tracts

88
Q

what are the 3 regions of white mater (spinal cord)

A

dorsal, lateral and ventral columns

89
Q

what are the functions of sensory (afferent) tracts?

A

conduct impulses toward the brain

90
Q

what are the functions of motor (efferent) tracts?

A

carry impulses from brain to skeletal muscles

91
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

a system that consists of nerves and ganglia (clusters of cell bodies) outside the CNS

92
Q

what is the structure of a nerve?

A
  • protective connective tissue coverings
  • mixed nerves
  • sensory (afferent) nerves
  • motor (efferent) nerves
93
Q

describe the protective connective tissue covering in detail

A

there is 3 layers, endoneumrium, perineurium and epineruium layers

94
Q

what is endonerurium?

A

a connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fibre

95
Q

what is perineurium?

A

a covering that wraps groups of fibres bound into a fasicle

96
Q

what is epineurium?

A

a covering that binds groups of fascicles

97
Q

what are mixed nerves composed of?

A

both sensory and motor fibres

98
Q

what do sensory nerves do?

A

carry impulse towards the CNS

99
Q

what do motor nerves do?

A

carry impulse away from the CNS

100
Q

how mn]any pairs of nerves serve mostly the head and neck?

A

12 pairs

101
Q

where does the only pair of vagus nerves extend to?

A

thoracic and abdominal cavities

102
Q

how many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

103
Q

how are spinal nerves formed?

A

by the joining of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord

104
Q

what is a plexus?

A

networks of nerves serving motor and sensory needs of the limbs

105
Q

how many plexuses are there?

A

4

106
Q

name each plexus

A

cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

107
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

motor subdivision of the PNS

108
Q

what are the functions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • controls the body automatically and is also known as the involuntary nervous system
  • regulates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands
109
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

110
Q

what is different about the somatic nervous system compared to the autonomic nervous system

A
  • motor neuron cell bodies originate inside the CNS

- axons extends to skeletal muscles that are served

111
Q

what is the difference of the autonomic nervous system compared to somatic nervous system?

A
  • has a chain of two motor neurons
    • preganglionic neuron is in the brain or spinal cord
    • postganglionic neuron extends to the organ
  • has 2 arms
    • sympathetic division
    • parasympathetic division
112
Q

where does preganglionic neurons originate from?

A
  • criminal nerves III, VII, IX, X

- S2 through S4 regions of the spinal cord

113
Q

when body divisions serve the same organ they cause what effects?

A

they cause antagonistic effects due to different neurotransmitters

114
Q

what do parasympathetic (cholinergic) fibres release ?

A

acetylcholine

115
Q

what do sympathetic postganglionic (adrenergic) fibres release?

A

norepinephrine

116
Q

what types of axons release both divisions release acetylcholine?

A

preganglionic axons

117
Q

what are the 2 divisions in autonomic nervous system?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic division

118
Q

describe the sympathetic division

A

“fight or flight” division

- response to unusual stimulus when emotionally or physically stressed or threatened 
- “E” division
	* exercise, excitement, emergency, embarrassment
119
Q

describe the parasympathetic division

A

“rest and digest” system

- conserves energy 
- maintains homeostasis, regulates digestion and elimination 
- “D” division 
	* digestion 
	* defecation 
	* diuresis

LSB142 Human Anatomy and Physiology (12 decks)

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