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Anatomy & Physiology | 09. > Skeletal System Unit Test > Flashcards

Skeletal System Unit Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is the frontal bone and where is it located? (1)

A

(CRANIAL BONE) An unpaired bone that helps form the anterior (front) and superior (up) portions of the cranium. It is located at the front of the cranium and connects with the ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones.

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2
Q

What are the parietal bones and where are they located? (2)

A

(CRANIAL BONE) Bones forming the side and top of the cranium. These two bones are connected to the frontal, occipital, temporal, and sphenoid bones.

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3
Q

What are the temporal bones and where are they located? (2)

A

(CRANIAL BONE) Two major bones of the cranium, helping form the sides and base of the skull. They protect the temples in your head and surround the ear canal. They connect to the mandible, sphenoid, frontal, parietal, and occipital bones.

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4
Q

What is the occipital bone and where is it located? (1)

A

(CRANIAL BONE) The most posterior (back) cranial bone, providing protection and broad surface for muscle attachment. It is at the very back of the skull and connects to the temporal and pariatal bones.

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5
Q

What is the ethmoid bone and where is it located? (1)

A

(CRANIAL BONE) An unpaired cranial bone that is a significant part of the upper nasal cavity and nasal septum. It is in the nasal cavity and is connected to the frontal and sphenoid bones.

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6
Q

What is the sphenoid bone and where is it located? (1)

A

(CRANIAL BONE) A bone that helps form the base and lateral sides of the cranium, located near the temples. It connects with the frontal, parietal, ethmoid, occipital, and temporal bones.

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7
Q

What is the maxilla and where are they located? (2)

A

(FACIAL BONE) Left and right halves of bones that form the upper jaw, being directly above the mandible. It connects to the zygomatic and palatine bones.

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8
Q

What are the palatine bones and where are they located? (2)

A

(FACIAL BONE) Small, delicate L-shaped bones that form the rear of the hard palate and the floor of the nasal cavity. They are connected to the maxillae and sphenoid bones.

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9
Q

What are the zygomatic bones and where are they located? (2)

A

(FACIAL BONE) Also known as cheekbones, these bones are diamond-shaped and stay directly below and lateral to the eye socket. They connect to the mandible.

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10
Q

What are the lacrimal bones and where are they located? (2)

A

(FACIAL BONE) Bones the size of fingernails, located directly behind the eye socket. They secrete tears to lubricate the eyes, and are connected to the maxilla and inferior nasal concha.

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11
Q

What are the nasal bones and where are they located? (2)

A

(FACIAL BONES) Small, symmetrical, elongated bones, each having two surfaces and four borders. They are positioned in the midface, and form the bridge of the nose. They also connect to the maxilla.

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12
Q

What are the inferior nasal conche and where are they located? (2)

A

(FACIAL BONES) A pair of facial bones, helping to control airflow direction, filter, heat, and humidify air inhaled through the nose within the nasal cavity. They both extend laterally (sides), articulating with the medial walls of the maxillae and palatines.

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13
Q

What is the vomer and where is it located? (1)

A

(FACIAL BONE) A small, thin, plow shaped bone positioned in the midline of the skull (within the nasal cavity), diving the nasal cavity (into the two nostrils). It also connects with the two maxillae and palatine bones.

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14
Q

What is the mandible and where is it located? (1)

A

(FACIAL BONE) The largest bone in the human skull, also being the only one able to be moved manually. It is also known as the jaw and houses lower teeth, sitting directly under the maxilla and connecting with the temporal bones.

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15
Q

What are the true ribs and where are they located? (14)

A

(BONY THORAX) Seven pairs of ribs that connect directly with the sternum through coastal cartilages, also being the first 14 ribs.

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16
Q

What are the false ribs and where are they located? (8)

A

(BONY THORAX) Four pairs of ribs that connect with the sternum indirectly or not at all. They sit directly below the true ribs.

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17
Q

What are the floating ribs and where are they located? (4)

A

(BONY THORAX) Two pairs of ribs that do not connect with the sternum at all, appearing to be floating, hence their name. They are at the very bottom of the thoracic cage.

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18
Q

What are the vertebrae and where is it located? (33)

A

(BONY THORAX) 33 individual bones that interlock with each other to form the spine. They are separated into five regions; (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx). It is located in the spinal region, being the spine itself.

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19
Q

What is the sacrum and where is it located? (5)

A

(BONY THORAX) Connected to the vertebrae, the sacrum consists of 5 fused vertebral bones, being shield shaped and connecting to the pelvis.

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20
Q

What is the coccyx and where is it located? (4)

A

(BONY THORAX) More commonly referred to as the tailbone, the coccyx is positioned at the very bottom of the vertebra, made up of 3, 4 (most commonly), or 5 fused vertebrae.

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21
Q

What is the sternum and where is it located? (3)

A

(BONY THORAX) Also known as the breastbone, this sternum is a vertical bone, forming the anterior portion of the chest wall, right on the midline. It is also divided into three parts (Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid process). It also allows the ribs to connect to it, forming the thoracic cage.

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22
Q

What is the the manubrium and where is it located? (1)

A

(BONY THORAX) The thickest and strongest portion of the sternum, located at the most superior portion of it, being shaped like a cross shield.

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23
Q

What is the body and where is it located? (1)

A

(BONY THORAX) The middle and longest portion of the sternum. It sits directly below the manubrium and right above the xiphoid process.

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24
Q

What is the xiphoid process and where is it located? (1)

A

(BONY THORAX) The most inferior portion of the sternum, taking the shape of a small triangle. It starts off as a cartilage and hardens as a person ages.

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25
Q

What are costal cartilages and where are they located? (10)

A

(BONY THORAX) Elastic bars of cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum, along with prolonging them forward. Their elasticity also assists in respiration.

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26
Q

What is the cervical spine and where is it located? (7)

A

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN) The neck bones of the vertebra, located at the most superior point of it. (More commonly called the neck)

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27
Q

What is the thoracic spine and where is it located? (12)

A

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN) The upper bones of the vertebra, located in the upper/middle region of the spine, positioned between the cervical and lumbar spine.

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28
Q

What is the lumbar spine and where is it located? (5)

A

(VERTEBRAL COLUMN) The lower portion of the vertebra, positioned between the ribs and pelvis, whilst superior to the sacrum and coccyx.

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29
Q

What is the hyoid bone and where is it located? (1)

A

(NO SECTION) A small, U or horseshoe shaped bone, positioned in the midline of the neck and anteriorly at the base of the mandible. It also helps with speech and swallowing. It is the only bone not directly articulated with any other bone

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30
Q

What is the coronal suture?

A

(CRANIAL SUTURE) A row of dense and fibrous connective tissue located between the frontal and parietal cranial bones, connecting them.

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31
Q

What is the sagittal suture?

A

(CRANIAL SUTURE) A row of dense and fibrous connective tissue located between the two parietal bones in the midline, connecting them.

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32
Q

What is the Lambdoid Suture?

A

(CRANIAL SUTURE) A row of dense and fibrous connective tissue located between the parietal and occipital bones, connecting them.

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33
Q

What are some characteristics of a fetal skull?

A

(FETAL SKULL) Two frontal bones (which eventually form together after 8 years), two parietal bones which occupy most of the skull, little to no mandible, sutures separating bones, fontanelles in parts

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34
Q

What is the zygomatic process?

A

(FACIAL PROCESS) A protrusion from the rest of the skull, being mostly due to the zygomatic bones.

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35
Q

What is a process in the human skull?

A

A protrusion/projection/outgrowth of tissue from a larger body (a bone). All processes are named after the bone or part they are owed to.

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36
Q

What is the Cancellous (Spongy) Bone in a long bone and where is it located?

A

As the name suggests, bone interior bone with a spongy appearance, surrounded with exterior compact bone. It is usually found at the ends of the bone (Epiphysis), with tiny spots all over it.

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37
Q

What is the Epiphysis in a long bone and where is it located?

A

This part simply refers to the two ends of a long bone, with the Diaphysis being between them both.

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38
Q

What is the Diaphysis in a long bone and where is it located?

A

This part simply refers to the central area part of the long bone, with the Epiphysis being the two ends at the end.

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39
Q

What is Articular Cartilage in a long bone and where is it located?

A

A thin layer of cartilage known to be slippery, smooth, and very hard. It’s the white stuff at the end of chicken bones, and makes an incline on a bone model, or can be represented as a very thin line near the spongy bone.

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40
Q

What is Periosteum in a long bone and where is it located?

A

The most exterior part of the bone, covering all parts of the bone except for articular cartilage

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41
Q

What is Compact Bone in a long bone and where is it located?

A

Located in the Diaphysis and found under the Periosteum, this bone is very dense and covers the entire Diaphysis

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42
Q

What is the Medullary Cavity in a long bone and where is it located?

A

Being the cavity of the Diaphysis, this part holds red marrow which grows to yellow as it ages, along with containing the nutrient artery. It is located between the yellow marrow and spongy bone

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43
Q

What is Red Marrow in a long bone and where is it located?

A

This is a spongy consistency of red and white blood cells, infused with and eventually growing into yellow marrow over bone life

44
Q

What is Yellow Bone Marrow in a long bone and where is it located?

A

Located in the Medullary Cavity and being the attach point for the Nutrient Artery, this marrow is fatty connective tissue that no longer produces blood cells

45
Q

What are the Nutrient Artery/Branches in a long bone and where are they located?

A

Connected to the Yellow Bone Marrow within the Medullary Cavity, this is the major supplier of oxygen and nutrients to the body of the long bone

46
Q

What is the Epiphyseal Line in a long bone and where is it located?

A

As the name suggests, this part of a long bone serves as a primary divider between the Epiphysis and Diaphysis, striking right between the Cancellous Bone

47
Q

What are Sharpey’s Fibers in a long bone and where are they located?

A

The stretchy gum looking stuff connecting the Periosteum to the Compact Bone, it looks like when you pull your lower lip down and the little straps attached to the Mandible

48
Q

What is the Clavicle and where are they located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LONG BONE) Located at the base and front of the neck, these paired bones are also known as the collarbone together. They connect the breastbone to the shoulder blades

49
Q

What is the Scapula and where are they located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON, FLAT BONE) Also known as the shoulder blades, these paired bones are located near and connect the Clavicle to the Humerus

50
Q

What is the Humerus and where are they located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LONG BONE) Also known as the upper arm bone, these paired bones run from the shoulder and Scapula to the elbow, the “Funny Bone” name came from them

51
Q

What is the Ulna and where are they located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LONG BONE) Being one of the forearm bones, along with the Radius, this bone is located between the elbow and wrist, differing from the Radius through it’s skinniness and knob, but connecting through membrane

52
Q

What is the Radius and where are they located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LONG BONE) Being one of the forearm bones along with the Ulna, this bone is located between the elbow and wrist, differing from the Ulna through it’s increased thickness and straightness.

53
Q

What are the Metacarpals and where are they located? (5, PAIRED)

A

(DIGITAL BONES, LONG BONES) Also known as the “body” and “upper knuckles” of the digital region, these five bones are located in the palm region, connected to the wrist and connecting the Phalanges (fingers)

54
Q

What are the Phalanges and where are they located? (14, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON/DIGITAL BONES, LONG BONES) Also known as the “head” and actual fingers of the digital region, containing the knuckles, these 14 paired bones are directly connected to the Metacarpals, being the head and most outward portion of the digital region

55
Q

What is the Femur and where is it located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LONG BONE) Commonly known as the strongest and largest bone in the body, while also being the only one in the thigh (running from hip to knee).

56
Q

What is the Patella and where is it located? (2, PAIRED)

A

APPENDICULAR SKELETON, FLAT/SESAMOID BONE) More commonly referred to as the kneecap, this bone articulates to and connects the Femur and Tibia, increasing movement ability, just like a leg-knuckle

57
Q

What is the Tibia and where is it located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LONG BONE) Also known as the shinbone, this bone is the larger counterpart of the two lower leg bones. The top part connects to the kneejoint, and the bottom connects to the ankle joint.

58
Q

What is the Fibula and where is it located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LONG BONE) Directly lateral to the tibia, this bone is a much smaller and skinner counterpart. It runs from the Tibial Head down to the ankle joint

59
Q

What are Metatarsals and where are they located? (5, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON, LONG BONES) These bones are the “body” of the feet, these five bones are located in region directly below the actual toes, connected to the base near the ankle and connecting to the Phalanges (toes, or fingers in the digital region)

60
Q

What are the Coxal Bones and where are they located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON/PELVIC BONES, IRREGULAR BONES) Also known as the Hip Bones, these flattened irregular bones are constructed of 3 fused parts, both connecting to the Sacrum to form the Pelvic Region

61
Q

What is the Ilium and where is it located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON/PELVIC BONE, IRREGULAR BONE) Acting as the weight bearing portion of the Coxal bone, this bone is directly connected to the Sacrum and greatly helps in weight bearing. It is also considered the upper hip

62
Q

What is the Pubis and where is it located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON/PELVIC BONE, IRREGULAR BONE) Located directly under the Ilium and closer to the Sacrum than the Ischium, this bone focuses on protecting organs within it’s area (intestines, bladder, internal reproductive organs)

63
Q

What is the Ischium and where is it located? (2, PAIRED)

A

(APPENDICULAR SKELETON/PELVIC BONE, IRREGULAR BONE) Located directly under the Ilium and next to and to the back of but more exterior to the Pubis, this bone focuses on helping in forming the lower and back parts of the Coxal Bone.

64
Q

How does the Skeletal System support the human body? (One of the 5 main functions)

A

The skeletal system supports the human body through giving it shape, allowing movement, giving muscles a surface to latch onto, and provides protection and storage for interior organs

65
Q

How does the Skeletal System protect the human body? (One of the 5 main functions)

A

The skeletal system provides bodily protection through it’s bones, many skeletal bones protect organs, such as the cranium protecting the brain, the ribs protecting respiratory organs, and the backbone protecting the spine.

66
Q

How does the Skeletal System allow movement of the human body? (One of the 5 main functions)

A

The skeletal system helps greatly in allowing movement of the body through it’s bones allowing various muscles to latch on and control bodily movements through the brain

67
Q

How does the Skeletal System store minerals and fats in the human body? (One of the 5 main functions)

A

The skeletal system is a key storage unit for minerals and fats of organisms due to it’s hollow bones having plenty of space for yellow bone marrow which is the key point for storing fats and minerals

68
Q

How does the Skeletal System form blood cells in the human body? (One of the 5 main functions)

A

The skeletal system is a powerhouse for blood cell formation. This is due to the immense red bone marrow within the bones, forming blood cells nonstop until they age and turn to yellow bone marrow.

69
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the Skeletal System?

A
  1. Supporting the body
  2. Protecting the body
  3. Allowing movement
  4. Storing minerals and fats
  5. Forming blood cells
70
Q

What are the Classifications of movement in the Skeletal System?

A

a. Synarthroses - No Movement

b. Amphiarthroses - Little Movement

c. Diarthroses - Freely Moveable (JOINTS ONLY)

71
Q

What bones are examples of Synarthroses?

A

Immovable bones (under normal circumstances) such as bones of the Cranium and face (excluding the Mandible) are examples of Synarthrosis bones

72
Q

What bones are examples of Amphiarthroses?

A

Slightly movable bones (usually not voluntarily) such as the Thoracic Cage (ribs) and Vertebrae are examples of Synarthrosis bones, the ribs especially due to their coastal cartilage which helps in shock absorption

73
Q

What joints are examples of Diarthroses?

A

Freely movable joints (usually voluntarily) such as the Elbow joint, Knee joint, and other Synovial joints are examples of Diarthrosis joints.

74
Q

What are the Classifications of structure in the Skeletal System?

A

a. Fibrous - Bone connections made through strong fibrous connective tissue

b. Cartilaginous - Bone connections made through Cartilaginous tissue (Cartilage)

c. Synovial - Bone connections made through the presence of an articular capsule between them

75
Q

What are the different types of Skeletal Joints? (6)

A

a. Ball and Socket Joint
b. Saddle Joint
c. Hinge Joint
d. Condyloid Joint
e. Pivot Joint
f. Gliding Joint

76
Q

What is a Ball and Socket Joint along with an example?

A

A joint type with a rounded end of a bone within a rounded depression of another bone, an example of this is the shoulder joint (Humerus and Scapula)

77
Q

What is a Hinge Joint along with an example?

A

A joint type which primarily allows one point of movement, just like a door, with an example being the elbow joint (Humerus and Ulna/Radius)

78
Q

What is a Condyloid Joint along with an example?

A

A joint type which is essentially a modified Ball and Socket joint, focusing on movement in specific directions, but slightly allowed all around, with an example being the Wrist Joint, along with the Finger Knuckles

79
Q

What is a Pivot Joint along with an example?

A

A joint type also referred to as a rotary joint, allowing only rotation along a single axis, with an example being the Neck and Head joint, allowing the head to turn along a rotational axis

80
Q

What is a Gliding Joint along with an example?

A

A joint type also known as a plane joint between two bones with flat or near-flat articulation points, enabling sliding movement over each other, with an example being the Wrist joint

81
Q

What are the different types of Arthritis?

A
  1. Osteoarthritis
  2. Rheumatoid Arthritis
  3. Gouty Arthritis
  4. Childhood Arthritis
82
Q

What is Osteoarthritis?

A

A type of Arthritis that occurs when the Articular Cartilage in the ends of your bones wears down, causing painful friction between affected bones

83
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

A type of Arthritis that is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system cells attack body tissue, inflaming joint linings and making affected joint movement difficult and painful

84
Q

What is Gouty Arthritis?

A

A type of Arthritis also known as Gout that is caused by a buildup a uric acid leading to joint inflammation (also known as Gout), along with uric acid crystals forming near joints, being very painful.

85
Q

What is Childhood Arthritis?

A

A type of Arthritis only seen in children and young adults between the ages of 6 months to 16 years of age. While the actual cause of this is still unknown, it probably has something to do with a younger immune system not being able to function properly, leading to this

86
Q

What are some basic types of bone fractures?

A
  1. Open Fracture
  2. Closed Fracture
  3. Partial Fracture
  4. Complete Fracture
  5. Stable Fracture
  6. Displaced Fracture
  7. Greenstick Fracture
  8. Communited Fracture
  9. Spiral Fracture
  10. Transverse Fracture
  11. Compression Fracture
  12. Depressed Fracture
  13. Impacted Fracture
87
Q

What is a Compound Fracture?

A

Also known as an Open Fracture, this is a fracture in which the bone breaks through the skin and can be seen outside of the interior

88
Q

What is a Simple Fracture?

A

Also known as a Closed Fracture, this is a fracture that does not break the skin

89
Q

What is an Incomplete Fracture?

A

Also known as a Partial Fracture, this is a fracture that does not/fails to break the bone into two or more pieces

90
Q

What is a Complete Fracture?

A

This is a fracture that fully breaks the bone into two or more separate pieces

91
Q

What is a Stable Fracture?

A

This is a fracture that breaks the bone, but with minimal damage (when the ends of the bones still line up)

92
Q

What is a Displaced Fracture?

A

This is a fracture that occurs when fractured pieces move around so much that a gap is formed around the fracture location when the bone broke

93
Q

What is a Greenstick Fracture?

A

Exclusively found in young children, this is a fracture that occurs when a bone cracks and bends, rather than breaking into separate pieces

94
Q

What is a Communited Fracture?

A

This is a fracture that breaks the bone into many (usually small) pieces

95
Q

What is a Spiral Fracture?

A

This is a fracture that is a result of a break through a twisting motion, creating a fracture line that wraps around the bone

96
Q

What is a Transverse Fracture?

A

This is a fracture that occurs when the bone is broken perpendicular to its length

97
Q

What is a Compression Fracture?

A

This is a fracture that occurs in the spine when a piece of vertebrae compresses on itself, breaking or cracking it

98
Q

Why do bones heal so fast?

A

Bones heal so quickly due to the amount of blood cells they produce, reducing the amount of time it takes to travel towards it, along with increased production

99
Q

What is Ossification?

A

A fancy word for bone formation/growth, along with replacing old bone and cartilage

100
Q

What is a Depressed Fracture?

A

This is a fracture found in the cranium that occurs when a “crushed” portion of the skull pushes inwards towards the brain

101
Q

What is an Impacted Fracture?

A

Also known as a buckle fracture, this is a break where bone ends are driven into each other, often seen in children

102
Q

What is the process of bone repair?

A
  1. Hematoma (a blood-filled swelling) is formed at the fracture point
  2. Fibrocartilage is formed within the break to make a Callus (thick layers)
  3. Fibrocartilage Callus is replaced by a Bony Callus
  4. Bony Callus remodels into a permanent bone patch, like a scar
103
Q

What are the different types of spinal curvature diseases?

A

a. Scoliosis
b. Kyphosis
c. Lordosis

104
Q

What is Scoliosis?

A

A spinal disease that results in a sideways curvature of the spine

105
Q

What is Kyphosis?

A

A spinal disease that results in an exaggerated forward rounding of the upper back

106
Q

What is Lordosis?

A

A spinal disease that results in an inward rounded curving of the lower back

107
Q

What is the Membrane between the Ulna and Radius called?

A

Interosseous Membrane

Anatomy & Physiology | 09. (23 decks)

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