Final Exam 2023 Review Flashcards
Which system is the body’s main protector from outside forces or stimuli?
The Integumentary System
What are the basic functions of the Integumentary System?
- Protect the body from outside forces/stimuli
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Eliminates (some) wastes
- Assists in vitamin-D production
- Detects external stimuli (touch, pain, warmth, etc.)
- Insulates bodily systems
What are the parts of the Integumentary System?
- Skin - Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
- (Associated) glands
- Hair
- Nails
What are the parts of the Skeletal System?
- Bones (long, short, flag, irregular)
- Joints
- Cartilage
- Ligaments
- Tendons
What are the 5 main functions of the Skeletal System?
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Storage (minerals & fats)
- Blood-cell formation
What are the Classifications of movement in the Skeletal System?
- Synarthroses - No Movement
- Amphiarthroses - Little Movement
- Diarthroses - Freely Moveable (JOINTS ONLY)
What are the 6 types of joints in the Skeletal System?
- Plane (gliding) joint - flat surface/gliding movement (e.g. carpals)
- Hinge joint - one plane of movement (e.g. patella)
- Pivot joint - rotary movement around an axis (e.g. skull and cervical spine)
- Condyloid joint - rotation without movement (e.g. phalanges/mandible)
- Saddle joint - universal movement (e.g. phalanges (thumb)/scapula)
- Ball-and-Socket joint - universal movement (e.g. scapula)
What are the bodily cavities (dorsal and ventral region)?
Ventral (trunk) Cavity
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity
Dorsal Cavity
- Cranial Cavity
- Spinal Cavity
the ventral cavity is divided into thoracic and abd. by diaphragm
Which part of the bone is responsible for hematopoiesis?
The Red Marrow
hematopoesis is the process of forming blood cells
What are the basic types of bone fractures?
- Stable Fracture - broken w/ minimal damage
- Displaced Fracture - ends of the bone misaligned
- Greenstick Fracture - parts of epithelium peel upwards
- Communitive Fracture - multiple broken fragments
- Spiral Fracture - broken w/ twisting motion
- Depressed Fracture - (cranial) crushing of bone, depressing it interiorly
there are more than listed, but those are just common knowledge
Which part of a bone makes up the most of its length?
The diaphysis
What is the sliding filament theory for muscle contraction?
The theory on muscle contraction stating that the action of thin Actin filaments sliding past thick Myosin filaments generates muscular contraction
ACTIN SLIDES PAST MYOSIN, BEING PULLED BY IT
- Myofibril is long, microscopic contractile fibers containing myosin and actin filaments
What are the three types of muscle in the body? Where are they found?
- Skeletal - Attached to bones
- Smooth - In/around hollow organs
- Cardiac - Makes up/attaches to the heart
What are the various movements of the body?
- Flexion - Movement decreasing joint angle
- Extension - Movement increasing joint angle
- Rotation - Movement along its 2D axis, like shaking your head “no”
- Adduction - A movement of moving a limb towards the midline
- Abduction - A movement of moving a limb away from the midline along the frontal axis
- Hyperextension - A movement of a joint extending greater than normal, like fully extending your arm
- Circumduction - A movement combining flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, like throwing a ball
- Dorsiflexion - A movement bending backwards, contracting the hand or foot, like walking on heels
- Plantar flexion - A movement bending downwards, contracting the hand or foot, like walking on toes
What is a neurotransmitter?
The body’s chemical messengers, secreted by a neuron to affect another neuron after jumping a synapse
What are the types of reflexes?
- Somatic reflex - Involuntary muscular movement in response to a stimulus
- Autonomic relfex - Unconcious muscular movement that are ongoing, with little stimuli
What are the two nervous system divisons? How do they work?
- Sympathetic divison - “Fight or flight”, immediate response in reaction to a (sudden and unprepared) stressful, embarrassing, or frightening event
- Parasympathetic division - “Housekeeping”, passive acts that control everyday/normal bodily functions like waste disposal
What is negative and positive feedback?
- Negative feedback - Feedback that stabalizes an output by reversing it back to its original status
- Positive feedback - Feedback that increases a change caused by output until completion, though eventually returning to original status
Relates to Homeostastis through both ways returning the body to normal
Compnents are similar to that of a reflex, consisting of:
- Stimulus
- Sensor
- Control Center
- Effector
What does a nerve cell (neuron) consist of?
- Dendrite - Branch-like structure that recieves input from other cells
- Cell body - Core section in a neuron
- Axon - Elongated portion of the neuron, surrounded by myelin sheath and Schwann cells
- Myelin sheath - Extended plasma membrane wrapping around the axon
- Axon terminal - Button-like ending of an axon where contacts are made with other axons through synapses
What are the parts of the brain responsible for?
- Frontal lobe - Voluntary movement and expressive language
- Broca’s area - Allows speech verbalization
- Temporal lobe - Processes auditory information and encodes memory
- Parietal lobe - Processes sense of touch and input from other senses
- Occipital lobe - Processes visual perception like color, form, and motion
- Cerebellum - Maintaining balance/posture
- Brain stem - Regulating autonomic functions
What are the tissue types of the body?
- Connective Tissue - Tissue that binds structures together
- Epithelial Tissue - Tissue that covers all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs
- Muscle Tissue - Tissue that can contract to produce movement
- Nervous Tissue - Tissue responsible for coordinating/controlling bodily actions
What is Neuroglia? What are the types of it?
Any cells that hold nerve cells in place “nerve glue”, they are:
- Astrocytes - Regulate blood flow and clear excess neurotransmitters
- Microglial cells - Regulate maintinence, development, and repair
- Ependymal cells - Fills lining of fluid-filled spaces of CNS
- Oligodendrocytes - Produce myelin sheath for axons
What are some important glands of the endocrine system?
- Pituitary Gland - Regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction
- Adrenal Gland - Regulates steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline
- Pancreas - Produces digestive juices and insulin
- Thymus - Produces immune cells, acting as the body’s primary defense against forieign invaders
What are the types of diabetes?
- Type 1 - Pancreas does not produce insulin due to immune system attacking it
- Type 2- Pancreas makes insufficient insulin, causing the body to become resistant to it
Which hormones are present during the stages of reproduction?
- Oestrogen - Female sex hormone that helps stimulate egg growth
- Testosterone - Male sex hormone that initiates development of sperm in the testes
What are the stages of labor?
- (early) Labor
- Pushing and birth
- Delivery of the placenta
What are the types of blood cells?
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) - carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
- Leukocytes (WBCs) - Fight infection and aid in immune process
- Platelets - Assist in blood clotting
Red blood cells are shape like biconcave discs
What are the types of white blood cells?
- Neutrophils - Majority of WBCs, responds first to site of infection and kills invaders
- Eosinophils - Promotes allergic reactions
- Basophils - Improves blood flow/prevents blood clotting
- Lymphocytes - Produce antibodies
What is the structual difference between veins and arteries?
- Veins - Thin walls and control blood flow through valves
- Arteries - Thick walls and control blood flow through muscle tissue lining
How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Blood passes through the capillaries of the lungs, leaving Co2 through the capillary walls and taking o2 from air in alveoli
How/in what order does food travel through the digestive system?
- Oral cavity
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Large intestine
- Rectum
- Anus
- The major site/part of absorbtion of food nutrients is the small intestine
- The major site of storage and protein digestion is the stomach
- Peristalsis** is contraction/relaxing of **digestive muscles to transport food
What is the role of the kidneys?
Removal of waste products and production of urine
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Salivary glands
- Liver (gland)
- Gallbladder (gland)
- Pancreas (gland)
