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Anatomy & Physiology | 09. > Final Exam 2023 Review > Flashcards

Final Exam 2023 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Which system is the body’s main protector from outside forces or stimuli?

A

The Integumentary System

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2
Q

What are the basic functions of the Integumentary System?

A
  • Protect the body from outside forces/stimuli
  • Helps regulate body temperature
  • Eliminates (some) wastes
  • Assists in vitamin-D production
  • Detects external stimuli (touch, pain, warmth, etc.)
  • Insulates bodily systems
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3
Q

What are the parts of the Integumentary System?

A
  • Skin - Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
  • (Associated) glands
  • Hair
  • Nails
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4
Q

What are the parts of the Skeletal System?

A
  • Bones (long, short, flag, irregular)
  • Joints
  • Cartilage
  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
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5
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the Skeletal System?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Storage (minerals & fats)
  5. Blood-cell formation
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6
Q

What are the Classifications of movement in the Skeletal System?

A
  • Synarthroses - No Movement
  • Amphiarthroses - Little Movement
  • Diarthroses - Freely Moveable (JOINTS ONLY)
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7
Q

What are the 6 types of joints in the Skeletal System?

A
  • Plane (gliding) joint - flat surface/gliding movement (e.g. carpals)
  • Hinge joint - one plane of movement (e.g. patella)
  • Pivot joint - rotary movement around an axis (e.g. skull and cervical spine)
  • Condyloid joint - rotation without movement (e.g. phalanges/mandible)
  • Saddle joint - universal movement (e.g. phalanges (thumb)/scapula)
  • Ball-and-Socket joint - universal movement (e.g. scapula)
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8
Q

What are the bodily cavities (dorsal and ventral region)?

A

Ventral (trunk) Cavity

  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Pelvic cavity

Dorsal Cavity

  • Cranial Cavity
  • Spinal Cavity

the ventral cavity is divided into thoracic and abd. by diaphragm

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9
Q

Which part of the bone is responsible for hematopoiesis?

A

The Red Marrow

hematopoesis is the process of forming blood cells

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10
Q

What are the basic types of bone fractures?

A
  • Stable Fracture - broken w/ minimal damage
  • Displaced Fracture - ends of the bone misaligned
  • Greenstick Fracture - parts of epithelium peel upwards
  • Communitive Fracture - multiple broken fragments
  • Spiral Fracture - broken w/ twisting motion
  • Depressed Fracture - (cranial) crushing of bone, depressing it interiorly

there are more than listed, but those are just common knowledge

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11
Q

Which part of a bone makes up the most of its length?

A

The diaphysis

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12
Q

What is the sliding filament theory for muscle contraction?

A

The theory on muscle contraction stating that the action of thin Actin filaments sliding past thick Myosin filaments generates muscular contraction

ACTIN SLIDES PAST MYOSIN, BEING PULLED BY IT

  • Myofibril is long, microscopic contractile fibers containing myosin and actin filaments
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13
Q

What are the three types of muscle in the body? Where are they found?

A
  • Skeletal - Attached to bones
  • Smooth - In/around hollow organs
  • Cardiac - Makes up/attaches to the heart
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14
Q

What are the various movements of the body?

A
  • Flexion - Movement decreasing joint angle
  • Extension - Movement increasing joint angle
  • Rotation - Movement along its 2D axis, like shaking your head “no”
  • Adduction - A movement of moving a limb towards the midline
  • Abduction - A movement of moving a limb away from the midline along the frontal axis
  • Hyperextension - A movement of a joint extending greater than normal, like fully extending your arm
  • Circumduction - A movement combining flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, like throwing a ball
  • Dorsiflexion - A movement bending backwards, contracting the hand or foot, like walking on heels
  • Plantar flexion - A movement bending downwards, contracting the hand or foot, like walking on toes
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15
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

The body’s chemical messengers, secreted by a neuron to affect another neuron after jumping a synapse

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16
Q

What are the types of reflexes?

A
  • Somatic reflex - Involuntary muscular movement in response to a stimulus
  • Autonomic relfex - Unconcious muscular movement that are ongoing, with little stimuli
17
Q

What are the two nervous system divisons? How do they work?

A
  • Sympathetic divison - “Fight or flight”, immediate response in reaction to a (sudden and unprepared) stressful, embarrassing, or frightening event
  • Parasympathetic division - “Housekeeping”, passive acts that control everyday/normal bodily functions like waste disposal
18
Q

What is negative and positive feedback?

A
  • Negative feedback - Feedback that stabalizes an output by reversing it back to its original status
  • Positive feedback - Feedback that increases a change caused by output until completion, though eventually returning to original status

Relates to Homeostastis through both ways returning the body to normal

Compnents are similar to that of a reflex, consisting of:

  • Stimulus
  • Sensor
  • Control Center
  • Effector
19
Q

What does a nerve cell (neuron) consist of?

A
  • Dendrite - Branch-like structure that recieves input from other cells
  • Cell body - Core section in a neuron
  • Axon - Elongated portion of the neuron, surrounded by myelin sheath and Schwann cells
  • Myelin sheath - Extended plasma membrane wrapping around the axon
  • Axon terminal - Button-like ending of an axon where contacts are made with other axons through synapses
20
Q

What are the parts of the brain responsible for?

A
  • Frontal lobe - Voluntary movement and expressive language
  • Broca’s area - Allows speech verbalization
  • Temporal lobe - Processes auditory information and encodes memory
  • Parietal lobe - Processes sense of touch and input from other senses
  • Occipital lobe - Processes visual perception like color, form, and motion
  • Cerebellum - Maintaining balance/posture
  • Brain stem - Regulating autonomic functions
21
Q

What are the tissue types of the body?

A
  • Connective Tissue - Tissue that binds structures together
  • Epithelial Tissue - Tissue that covers all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs
  • Muscle Tissue - Tissue that can contract to produce movement
  • Nervous Tissue - Tissue responsible for coordinating/controlling bodily actions
22
Q

What is Neuroglia? What are the types of it?

A

Any cells that hold nerve cells in place “nerve glue”, they are:

  • Astrocytes - Regulate blood flow and clear excess neurotransmitters
  • Microglial cells - Regulate maintinence, development, and repair
  • Ependymal cells - Fills lining of fluid-filled spaces of CNS
  • Oligodendrocytes - Produce myelin sheath for axons
23
Q

What are some important glands of the endocrine system?

A
  • Pituitary Gland - Regulates growth, metabolism, and reproduction
  • Adrenal Gland - Regulates steroid hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline
  • Pancreas - Produces digestive juices and insulin
  • Thymus - Produces immune cells, acting as the body’s primary defense against forieign invaders
24
Q

What are the types of diabetes?

A
  • Type 1 - Pancreas does not produce insulin due to immune system attacking it
  • Type 2- Pancreas makes insufficient insulin, causing the body to become resistant to it
25
Q

Which hormones are present during the stages of reproduction?

A
  • Oestrogen - Female sex hormone that helps stimulate egg growth
  • Testosterone - Male sex hormone that initiates development of sperm in the testes
26
Q

What are the stages of labor?

A
  1. (early) Labor
  2. Pushing and birth
  3. Delivery of the placenta
27
Q

What are the types of blood cells?

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBCs) - carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
  • Leukocytes (WBCs) - Fight infection and aid in immune process
  • Platelets - Assist in blood clotting

Red blood cells are shape like biconcave discs

28
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A
  • Neutrophils - Majority of WBCs, responds first to site of infection and kills invaders
  • Eosinophils - Promotes allergic reactions
  • Basophils - Improves blood flow/prevents blood clotting
  • Lymphocytes - Produce antibodies
29
Q

What is the structual difference between veins and arteries?

A
  • Veins - Thin walls and control blood flow through valves
  • Arteries - Thick walls and control blood flow through muscle tissue lining
30
Q

How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

Blood passes through the capillaries of the lungs, leaving Co2 through the capillary walls and taking o2 from air in alveoli

31
Q

How/in what order does food travel through the digestive system?

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. Esophagus
  3. Stomach
  4. Small intestine
  5. Large intestine
  6. Rectum
  7. Anus

  • The major site/part of absorbtion of food nutrients is the small intestine
  • The major site of storage and protein digestion is the stomach
  • Peristalsis** is contraction/relaxing of **digestive muscles to transport food
32
Q

What is the role of the kidneys?

A

Removal of waste products and production of urine

33
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver (gland)
  • Gallbladder (gland)
  • Pancreas (gland)

Anatomy & Physiology | 09. (23 decks)

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