Mid-term Exam Review

Question 1

What are the 3 bodily planes?

Answer 1

• Coronal (frontal) plane - Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (through the arms)
• Sagittal (longitudinal) plane - Divides the body into left and right parts (through the midline)
• Transverse (axial) plane - Divides the body into superior and inferior parts (through the stomach)

Question 2

What are the 5 bodily cavities?

Answer 2

• Cranial cavity - Cavity within the skull
• Thoracic cavity - Cavity within the bony thorax (chest)
• Abdominal Cavity - Cavity within the abdomen (stomach)
• Spinal Cavity - Cavity within the spine (lower back)
• Pelvic cavity - Cavity within the pelvis (below the spine)

Question 3

What are the 4 types of bones?

Answer 3

• Long bone - A bone longer than it is wide (usually long and thin)
• Short bone - A bone wider than it is long (usually small and cubed)
• Flat bone - A bone that is flat (usually curved and thin)
• Irregular bone - A bone that does not portray any of the other bone characteristics (usually odd looking)

Question 4

What are the Paranasal sinuses?

Answer 4

• Frontal sinus - Most superior, above the eyes, flat shaped
• Ethmoid sinuses - Many different pieces, located between the Frontal and Sphenoid
• Sphenoid sinus - Closest back into the head, Below the Ethmoid and small
• Maxillary sinus - The cheekbones, flat like the frontal and most inferior , directly below the eyes

Question 5

What are the bones of the Axial Skeleton?

Answer 5

• Skull/Cranium
• Hyoid bone - not connected to any other bones
• Vertebrae - Make up the spine
• Sternum - Connects the two sides of the rib cage
• Ribs - Make up the bony thorax
• Sacrum - Bottom of Vertebrae
• Coccyx - Tailbone, bottom of Sacrum

Question 6

What are the bones of the Appendicular Skeleton? (SUPERIOR HALF)

Answer 6

• Clavicle - Collarbones
• Scapula - Shoulder bones
• Humerus - Upper arm bone
• Ulna - Next to Radius, most medial (has knob on top)
• Radius - Next to Ulna, most lateral
• Carpal bones - Carpals (wrist), Metacarpals (base of hand), Phalanges (fingers)

Question 7

What are the bones of the Appendicular Skeleton? (INFERIOR HALF)

Answer 7

• Pubic bones - Ilium (biggest), Ischium (medium and more lateral), Pubis (smallest and most medial)
• Femur - Thigh Bone
• Patella - Kneecap
• Tibia - Lower leg bone, next to Fibula (largest/thickest and most medial)
• Fibula - Lower leg bone, next to Tibia (smallest/thinnest and most lateral)
• Tarsal bones - Tarsals (ankle), Metatarsals (base of foot), Phalanges (Toes)

Question 8

What are the muscle movements? (BASE MOVEMENTS)

Answer 8

• Abduction - Away from the body
• Adduction - Towards the body
• Flexion - Decreasing the angle between two joints
• Extension - Increasing the angle between two joints
• Rotation - Moving in a circular motion

Question 9

What are the muscle movements? (EXTENDED)

Answer 9

• Circumduction - 360 movement, Abduction, Adduction, and Rotation
• Inversion - Turning towards the midline
• Eversion - Turning away from the midline
• Plantar Flexion - Movement of the foot downwards (tippy toes)
• Dorsiflexion - Movement of the foot upwards (standing on heels)

Question 10

What are the muscles of the Chest?

Answer 10

• Pectoralis Major - Paired with the Pectoralis Minor, being the bigger one
• Pectoralis Minor - Paired with the Pectoralis Major, being the smaller one

Question 11

What are the muscles of the Neck?

Answer 11

• Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) - Long and running down from cranium
• Platysma - Covers the SCM and covers the front of the body to the clavicle
• Trapezius - Extends from the back of the cranium to the lower back

Question 12

What are the muscles of the Back?

Answer 12

• Trapezius - Extends from the back of the cranium to the lower back, being the most superior
• Latissimus Dorsi (LATS) - Superficial to the Trapezius, wraps around the body to the arms
• External Oblique - Below the LATS
• Internal Oblique - Below the External Oblique
• Erector Spinae - Group of superficial thin, long muscles that run from the hips to the upper back

Question 13

What are the muscles of the Arms?

Answer 13

• Deltoid - Shoulder muscle
• Biceps Brachii - Upper bicep muscle
• Brachialis - Upper paired muscle, next to the Bicep Brachii
• Brachioradialis - Biggest muscle of the forearm
• Triceps Brachii - Biceps Brachii but behind it

Question 14

What are the Muscles of the leg? (BACK VIEW)

Answer 14

• Gluteus Medius - Above and smaller than the G. Maximus
• Gluteus Maximus - Below and bigger than the G. Medius
• Hamstring Group - Semitendinosus (medium/middle), Biceps Femoris (biggest/most lateral), Semimembranosus (smallest/most medial)
• Gastrocnemius - Back calf
• Soleus - Lowest muscle, surrounds the Achilles

Question 15

What are the Muscles of the leg? (FRONT VIEW)

Answer 15

• Sartorius - Longest, most superior muscle going diagonal
• Quadricep group - Front thigh muscle, NANI
• Gastrocnemius - Most lateral muscle in two pairs
• Tibialis Anterior - Medium muscle, next to Gastrocnemius

Question 16

What are the Muscles of the