Cardiovascular System Unit Test Flashcards
What are the 3 Layers of Heart Tissue?
- Tunica Interna - Internal Layer
- Tunica Media - **Middle Layer*
- Tunica Externa - External Layer
* Tunica Interna consists of Endothelium and loose connective tissue!
What are the 4 Chambers of The Heart?
Upper Chambers: Left Atrium and Right Atrium
Lower Chambers: Left Ventricle and Right Ventricle
* Right side collects blood, left side disperses it to the body!
What are the 4 Valves of The Heart?
1. Tricuspid Valve
2. Pulmonic Valve
3. Mitral Valve
4. Aortic Valve
* The Mitral Valve is also known as the Bicuspid Valve!
How many Blood Vessels are directly connected to and/or supply The Heart? What are they?
There are 5 “great vessels” of the heart. They are:
- **The Aorta
- The Pulmonary Trunk
- The Pulmonary Veins
- The (Superior & Inferior) Vena Cavae
- The Coronary Sinuses**
* These connected vessels are also known as the “Great Vessels”!
What are the functions of the two sides of The Heart?
The right side of the heart recieves (deoxygenated) blood (through veins)
The left side of the heart pumps (newly oxygenated) blood to the body (through arteries)
What side of the heart recieves deoxygenated blood?
The right side
Which side of the heart distributes/pumps out oxygenated blood?
The left side
What does Systole and Diastole mean?
Systole - (heart) Contraction
Diastole - (heart) Relaxation
How are Arteries structured? (Tunics)
Similar to Veins, Artery structure consists of a muscular tube lined with 3 tunic layers “(tunica)”. They are called:
- Tunica Intima - Inner layer lined with (smooth) Endothelium
- Tunica Media - Middle layer allowing the arteries to handle blood pressure
- Tunica Adventita - External layer consisting of connective tissue, anchoring arteries to nearby tissue
- **Tunica Adventita is also known as Tunica Externa!*
What is/are the function(s) of Arteries?
Arteries distribute oxygen-rich blood to and throughout the body (from the heart)
* Artery distribution begins at the Left Ventricle and Aorta!
How are Veins structured? (tunics)
Similar to Arteries, Vein structure consists of 3 lined tunic layers “(tunica)”. They are called:
- Tunica Intima - Inner, smooth layer lined with (smooth) Endothelium
- Tunica Media - Middle, muscular layer allowing the veins to handle blood pressure
- Tunica Adventita - External, connective layer consisting of connective tissue, anchoring veins to nearby tissue
What is/are the function(s) of Veins?
Veins deliver deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood to the heart for oxygenation (from the body)
* Veins deliver oxygen to the heart through the Vena Cavae (S & I)
How are Capillaries structured (microbiologically)?
Very thin (approx. 5 micrometers) in diameter, so they are composed of only two layers of cells:
- Endothelial Cells - Within the capillary, controlling the flow of fluid, nutrients, and gasses
- Epithelial Cells - Around The capillary, forming a protective layer around Endothelial Cells
* Capillaries only have Tunica Interna because of how small they are!
How are Capillaries structured/arranged (bodily design)?
They are arranged in a web-like design, forming the connection between veins and arteries. Its design is essential for systemic and pulmonary circulation.
What is/are the function(s) of Capillaries?
Their primary function is exchanging materials between blood and tissue cells. Their function is essential for systemic and pulmonary circulation. They disperse nutrients throughout limbs and organs
What is Pulmonary Circulation?
The process of circulation moving blood between the heart and lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to supply (the blood) with oxygen (from the lungs), and releases carbon dioxide within the blood.
* Pulmonary Circulation has lower pressure than Systemic!
What is Systemic Circulation?
The process of circulation moving blood between the heart and the rest of the body (excluding the lungs). It transports oxygenated blood to the body to supply (bodily muscle tissue) with oxygen (blood).
* Systemic Circulation has higher pressure than Pulmonary!
What are the Steps of Systemic Circulation?
The steps of Systemic Cirulation consist of blood flowing through several blood-carrying stations, these are:
- Arteries (away from heart)
- Arterioles (away from heart)
- Capillaries (gas exchange to tissue)
- Venules (back to heart)
- Veins (back to heart)
After step #5, the blood flows through the merged Venules and Veins into the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, entering back into the heart and completing the circuit, soon to be done and completed again.
* The blood first enteres the Arteries from the Left Atrium and Aorta!
How many bodily pressure points are there? What are they? Why are they Important?
There are 8 bodily pressure/pulse points. They are important for medical treatment and detecting pulse for BPM
How many bodily pulse points are there? What are they? Why are they important?
There are 9 pulse points located throughout the human body. These are:
- Superficial Temporal Artery (Temple)
- Facial Artery (Jawline)
- Common Cartoid Artery (Neck)
- Brachial Artery (Between Arm & Forearm)
- (Common) Radial Artery (Wrist)
- Femoral Artery (Inner thigh/pelvis)
- Popliteal Artery (Behind Knee)
- Posterior Tibial Artery (Achilles)
- Dorsalis Pedis Artery (Foot)
These points are important in order to check pulse, which is essential for checking BPM, or to see if a person is alive or dead
* The two most used pulse points are the Cartoid and Radial Arteries!
What is the Hepatic Portal?
The venous (relating to veins) system that returns blood *(from the digestive tract and spleen)* to the liver, processing the blood’s raw nutrients, then returning it to the heart
Which side(s) of the heart deals in Pulmonary Circulation? Which side deals in Systemic Circulation?
- The Right side of the heart (right Atrium and Ventricle) deals in Pulmonary circulation (low-pressure)
- The Left side of the heart (left Atrium and Ventricle) deals in Systemic Circulation (high-pressure)
From which vessel(s) do the Capillaries of The Lung recieve deoxygenated blood?
From the Pulmonary Arteries (the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood!)
Which are the only blood vessels that permit exchange between the blood and surrounding fluids in the body?
- Hint: There are three
Venules, Atrioles, and Capillaries
Which four, large blood vessels (two from each lung) empty into the left atrium, completing the pulmonary circuit?
The Pulmonary Veins
What does the first sound of Korotkoff indicate? (first sound picked up by the stethoscope as blood passes through the artery)
Peak Systolic Pressure
What is the Cardiac Cycle?
A series of pressure changes that take place within the heart, working to pump blood throughout the heart and the body.
It can also be defined as: “the conventions of event(s) taken place to achieve one complete heartbeat”
(in the Cardiac Cycle) When do the AV Valves close?
During ventricular contraction
(in the Cardiac Cycle) What causes the AV Valves to close?
When ventricular contraction pressure exceeds atrial pressure
(in the Cardiac Cycle) When do the AV Valves open?
During ventricular relaxation (atrial contraction)
(in the Cardiac Cycle) What causes the AV Valves to open?
When atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure
(ventricles getting filled up)
(in the Cardiac Cycle) When do the Semilunar Valves close?
During ventricular relaxation
(in the Cardiac Cycle) What causes the Semilunar Valves to close?
When atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure
(ventricles relaxing)
(in the Cardiac Cycle) When do the Semilunar Valves open?
During ventricular contraction
(in the Cardiac Cycle) What causes the Semilunar Valves to open?
When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure
(ventricles contracting)
At what point in the Cardiac Cycle is heart pressure the highest?
During ventricular systole/ejection
What is the function of Valves in the Heart/Cardiac Cycle?
Valves in the heart prevent the backwards flow of blood
What is the (specific) function of the Atrioventricular (AV) Valves?
AV Valves separate and prevent backflow between the Atria and Ventricles
What is the (specific) function of the Semilunar Valves?
Semilunar Valves prevent backflow of blood from the Arteries to the Ventricles. (They also help maintain constant pressure on major arteries!)
What is the primary difference between the Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves?
- Atrioventricular (AV) Valves - Prevent backwards flow of blood between the Atria and Ventricles (staying within the heart)
- Semilunar (SL) Valves - Prevent backwards flow of blood between the Ventricles and Arteries (exiting the heart)
Which Blood Flow Circuit is more resistant?
The Systemic Circuit
Which Blood Flow Fircuit is less resistant?
The Pulmonary Circuit
Where does Oxygenated Blood from the systemic arteries flow into?
The Peripheral Tissue Capillaries
What is the importance of the “lubb-dubb” sounds of the heart in relation to clinical information?
They convey information regarding the effeciency of the heart valves
Where does the “lubb” and “dubb” sound come from?
- Lubb Sound - Occurs when the AV valves (Tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves) close
- Dubb Sound - Occurs when the SL valves (Pulmonary and Aortic valves) close
What causes the Sounds of Korotkoff?
Turbulence as blood flows past the constricted portion of the artery(s)
What are the three (elastic) arteries that originate and protrude from/along the aortic arch and deliver blood to the head, neck, shoulders, and arms?
The Brachiocephalic, L. Common Cartoid, and L. Subclavian arteries.
At what phase/point in the Cardiac Cycle is heart pressure the highest (at its peak)?
During Phase III: Ventricular Systole/Ejection
