Skeletal System Practical Flashcards
how many bones in infant body?
300
how many bones in adult body?
206
where can you find over half of your bones?
hands and feet
the five functions of the skeletal system?
support, movement, protection, hematopoiesis, reservoir for minerals, adipose tissue
how many bones in the inner ear?
3 (hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
how many bones in the skull?
how many cranium?
how many facial?
22 bones
8 cranium
14 facial
how many bones in the upper limb?
30 bones
how many bones in the shoulder girdle?
2 bones
how many bones in the hip girdle?
6 bones
how many bones in the in the vertebral column?
32 bones
how many bones in the thorax?
27 bones
how many bones in the axial skeleton?
80 bones
how many bones in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
cervical vertebrate?
spinus process?
first 7
spinus process points out
thoracic vertebrate?
spinus process?
next 12
spinus process points down
lumbar vertebrate?
spinus process?
last 5
spinus process shaped like an axe
what is a fontanel?
the space between infant skull bones
what is a process?
part of the bone that sticks out
what is a foramen?
a hole in the bone
what are the types of bones?
short, long, flat, irregular
examples of long bones?
arms, legs, and phalanges
examples of short bones?
wrist and ankle
examples of flat bones?
scapula, sternum, ribs, and skull
examples of irregular bones?
vertebrate, patella, hips
what is the end of a bone called?
epiphysis
what is the middle of a bone called?
diaphysis
what kind of bone is in the end of a long bone?
spongy bone
what divides the spongy bone and the inner part of the bone?
epiphyseal plate
the very ends of the bones?
articular cartilage
porous parts of the bone?
trabeculae
what kind of marrow is in the spongy bone?
red marrow
what kind of marrow is in the middle of the bone?
yellow marrow
what is the inner lining of a bone?
endosteum
what is the open space in the inside of a bone?
medullary cavity
what are the parts of the osteon?
haversian canal, lamella, lacunae, canalculi
what does the haversian canal do?
allows passage of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers
what does the lamella do?
concentric rings of collagen fibers around haversian canal and allows bone to withstand force
what does the lacunae do?
small cavities occupied by osteocytes that join lamella
what does the canaliculi do?
hairlike canals that join lacunae to each other and the central canal and allow osteocytes to exchange nutrients wastes, and chemical signals via gap junctions
what are the types of cells in a bone?
osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts
what do osteoblasts do?
build bone cells, synthesize and secrete organic components of bone matrix, initiate classification, and found in periosteum and endosteum
what do osteocytes do?
mature bone cells, formed when osteoblasts get trapped in matrix, and maintains bone tissue
what do osteoclasts do?
bone resorption (digest/break down): part of normal bone growth, development, maintenance and repair, and is found in endosteum
functional name synarthroses….
structural name?
movement?
examples?
fibrous
immovable
syndesmoses ->ligaments
sutures -> skull
gomphoses -> teeth to jaw
functional name amphiarthroses….
structural name?
movement?
examples?
cartilaginous
slightly moveable
synchondrosis -> ribs, epiphyseal plate
symphyses -> pubis, vertebral discs
functional name diarthroses….
structural name?
movement?
examples?
synovial
freely movable
uniaxial -> hinge, pivot
biaxial -> saddle, ellipsoidal
multiaxial -> ball and socket, gliding
examples of hinge joints?
elbow and knee
example of pivot joint?
in between vertebrate
examples of condyloid joint?
in between radius and carpals, and jaw
examples of ball and socket joint?
shoulder and hip
example of saddle joint?
thumb
examples of gliding joints?
in between tarsals, carpals, and vertebrate
what is used to measure the ROM?
goniometer
what is flexion?
decreases the angle, movement towards the body
what is extension?
increases the angle, movement away from body
what is hyperextension?
stretching or extending beyond anatomical position
what is plantar flexion?
increases the angle between top of foot and front of leg (point down)
what is dorsiflexion?
decreases the angle between top of foot and front of leg (point up)
what is abduction?
to move AWAY from the medial plane
what is adduction?
to move TOWARDS medial plane
what is rotation?
pivoting a bone on its axis
what is circumduction?
distal end of body part moves in a circle?
what is supination?
hand palm side up
what is pronation?
hand palm side down
what is inversion?
turn sole inward
what is eversion?
turn sole outwards
what is protraction?
move part forward
what is retraction?
move part backward
what is elevation?
move part up
what is depression?
move part down
how many degrees of sprain?
3
what are the two arches of the foot?
normal longitudinal arch and transverse arch
what does the pelvic outlet hold?
digestive tract, the female reproductive tract passes through
what is the purpose of the pubic symphysis?
so a baby can pass through, the pubic symphysis softens to expand for baby’s head
what is the difference between the male and female skeletal systems?
the male skeletons are larger and heavier
the female pelvic bones are shaped differently, its wider for women
what is open fracture?
(compound) broken bone breaks through the skin
what is closed fracture?
(simple) broken bone doesn’t break through the skin
what is incomplete fracture?
a partial break through the bone
what is complete fracture?
bones breaks all the way through
what is greenstick fracture?
(like slowly breaking a toothpick) bone is bent on one side, and other side is broken
what is denate fracture?
fragmented ends of bones are jagged
what is linear fracture?
fracture line straight down the bone
what is transverse fracture?
fracture line straight horizontal across
what is oblique fracture?
fracture slanted or diagonal
what is lordosis?
the spinal curvature where your lower back is curved in
what is kyphosis?
the spinal curvature where your upper back is really curved out
what is scoliosis?
the spinal curvature where your spine is not straight, its curved
what is osteomalacia?
the curvature of the bones, its soft bones, “rickets”, bowed bones
what is osteomyelitis?
bone marrow inflammation
what is osteoporosis?
porous bones, decrease in bone mass, bone degradation occurs faster
what is giantism?
excessive growth of the bones (child growth hormones)
what is acromegaly?
over growth of face, feet, and hands (adult growth hormones)
what is pituitary dwarfism?
short long bones; max height 4ft
what is rheumatoid arthritis?
the inflammation of synovial membrane, chronic and systemic
what is gout?
excessive uric acid in blood, crystals get deposited in synovial fluid
what is osteoarthritis?
wear and tear deterioration, most common NIJD, atrophy of articular cartilage
what is a sprain?
the stretching of ligaments surrounding joint, due to twisting motion, treatment is RICE
what is dislocation?
the articular surfaces not in proper contact, tear vessels, nerves, ligaments, muscles, pain and swelling
