Muscular System Review Flashcards
three types of muscle?
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
skeletal classifications?
striated, voluntary, multinucleated
smooth classifications?
nonstriated, involuntary
cardiac classifications?
striated, involuntary, intercalated disks
three functions of muscles?
movement, heat production, posture
four characteristics of the muscular system?
excitability, contractibility, extensibility, and elasticity
the covering of individual muscle fibers?
endomysium
the covering of the entire muscle?
fascia
the covering of fascicles?
perimysium
the muscles that are arranged like feathers in a plume?
bipennate
the muscles that are arranged in a circle?
sphincter
the muscles that are arranged and run parallel?
parallel
origin?
the part that does NOT move when muscle contracts
insertion?
the part that does move when muscle contracts
muscles are named by?
location, function, shape, fiber direction, number of heads/divisions, points of attachment, muscle size
location examples?
frontalis, femoris, gluteus
function examples?
abductor, adductor, depressor
shape examples?
deltoid, orbicularis, platy
fiber direction examples?
oblique, rectus, sphincter
number of heads/divisions examples?
bicep, triceps, quadricep
points of attachment examples?
origin and insertion
muscle size examples?
brevis, longus, magnus
antagonist?
the one that opposes prime mover, relaxes when prime mover contracts
agonist?
the one that is the prime mover, muscle most responsible for movement
synergist?
the aid prime mover, contract at same time as prime mover
the muscle that shrugs the shoulders?
trapezius
the posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm?
tricep
the posterior arm muscle that flexes the forearm?
bicep
the muscles of the quadricep femoris?
rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius
the muscles of the hamstring?
biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus
the muscles that move the upper arm?
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, and the rotator cuff
the muscle for chewing?
temproalis
the muscle for closing the eyes?
orbicularis oculi
the muscle for raising the eyebrows?
occipitofrontalis
the muscle for puckering?
orbicularis oris
correct order for the arrangement of parts of skeletal muscle?
myofilaments, myofibrils, muscle fibers, fascicles, and muscles
the contractile unit of a myofibril?
sarcomere
the chief function of the T tubule?
they maintain the SR calcium store under the tight control of membrane depolarization via the voltage sensor channel DHPR
increase in muscle size?
hypertrophy
decrease in muscle size?
atrophy
muscle fatigue?
the muscles loses ability to contract due to lack of ATP, and lactic acids builds up. ATP is no longer efficiently being used for cross-bridges
good posture?
-your head and chest are held high
-your chin, abdomen, buttocks are pulled in
-your knees are slightly bent
-your feet are firmly on the ground 6 in. apart
pushing against the wall is an example of?
isometric contraction
when a muscle cell is stimulated by a threshold stimulus it shows?
All or None response
the first event to occur in muscle relaxation?
sarcoplasmic reticulum, begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs
the insertion of muscle is?
the point of attachment that moves when the muscle contracts
rigor mortis?
caused because of the lack of ATP to “turn off” muscle contraction
anaerobic respiration?
the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP
skeletal muscles contribute to maintaining body temperature by?
generating heat, muscle contraction requires energy and produces heat as a by product of metabolism
the viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal movement?
poliomyelitis
a group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissue?
muscular dystrophy
the name for muscle pain is?
myalgia
the name for the condition when the weakening of abdominal muscles that can cause organ protrusion, obstruction, gangrene, and severe pain is?
reducible or strangulated hernias
the process of muscle contraction?
ATP energizes a myosin head and is converted into ADP+P.
Calcium ions bond to troponin, removing the blocking action of tropomyosin and exposing the active site.
The myosin head attaches to the actin filament, creating a cross-bridge.
Energy stored in the myosin head is used to pull the actin filaments toward the M line.
ADP+P, are released.
As new ATP attaches to the myosin head, the cross bridge detaches.
Freed myosin head splits ATP into ADP and P, released energy recocks myosin head to prepare for next stroke.
charley horse?
an intense muscle spasms, last few seconds to few hours, caused by injury or overuse.
treatment is to stop activity, stretch and massage, heat to relax muscle, and ice when spasm is over
polio?
a viral infection of nerves controlling skeletal movement, and a vaccine created in US in 1950s, but not everywhere
all or none effect?
the muscle or nerve responds completely or not at all
contusion?
a bruise and it causes swelling and pain and can limit joint range of motion near the injury.
the injured muscle may feel weak and stiff.
