Skeletal System (Midterm) Flashcards
In infants most of the skeleton is
Cartilage
Strong flexible tissue
cartilage
Over time the cartilage is
replaced by solid bone,
usually complete by the
time you stop growing.
Not all cartilage is
replaced in adults. Many
joints contain cartilage,
protecting the ends of
bones (ears and the end
of the nose is also
cartilage).
How many % of bone in adult body weigth
20%
Bone is made up of minerals which is
Calcium
Phosphorus
Types of Bone Cell
Osteogenic Cell
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Other term for Osteogenic Cell
Osteoprogenitor Cell
are mitotically active stem
cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum.
Osteogenic Cell
mature bone cells; monitor and maintain the bone matrix
osteocytes
bone-forming cells; synthesize and secrete collagen matrix and calcium salts
Osteoblast
giant bone-destroying cells
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium in
response to parathyroid hormone
Osteoclast
Bone remodeling is performed by both
Osteoclast and Osteoblast
Process of bone formation
Ossification
Ossification occurs in
Hyaline Cartilage Model
Fibrous Membrane
Types of Ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Both type of bone formation result in
Compact and Spongy Bone
Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes
Occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within CT
Bones of the skull
Intramembranous Ossification
Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage
Cartilage model is replaced by bone
Endochondral Ossification
bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone
Primary Ossification Center
bone formation in the epiphysis
Secondary Ossification Center
Bone Growth
Appositional Growth
Interstitial Growth
Bone Growth from outside
Appositional Growth
Bone growth from within
Interstitial Growth
Bones grow in width
▪ Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone matrix to
the outside of the diaphysis
Osteoclasts in the endosteum remove bone from
the inner surface of the diaphysis
Appositional Growth
Bones expands
Lacunae bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix
Interstitial Growth
Bone growth is controlled by ___ especially
Hormones
Growth and Sex Hormones
Break in a Bone
Fractures
Type of Bone Fracture
Close (Simple) Fracture
Open (Compound) Fracture
Break that does not penetrate the skin
Close (Simple) Fracture
broken bone that penetrates
through the skin
Open (Compound) Fracture
Bone fracture are treated by
Reduction and Immobilization
bones are manually coaxed into position by physician’s hands
closed reduction
Bone are secured with pins or wires during surgery
Open reduction
Healing of fracture is up to
6-8 weeks
Repair of bone fractures involves four major events
Hematoma
Fibrocartilage Callus
Bony Callus replaces fibrocartilage cal
Bone remodeling
Common Types of Fracture
Comminuted
Compression
Depressed
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick
Bone breaks into 3 or more fragments
Common in older people as bone are more brittle
Comminuted
Bone is Crushed
Common in Porous Bone
Compression
Broken bone ends are forced into each other
Occurs when someone attemps to break a fall with outstretched arms
Impacted
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone
Common sports fracture
Spiral
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks
Common in children where it is more flexible that adults
Greenstick
Function of Skeletal System
Support
Assistance in Movement
Protection
Blood Cell Formation
Storage
Triglyceride Storage
consists mainly of adipose cells, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve.
Yellow bone marrow
produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, a process called
Red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
Broken bone portion is pressed inwards
Typical of skull fracture
Depressed
